Transcript The Reproductive System

The Reproductive System
PowerPoint® presentation to accompany:
Medical Assisting
Third Edition
Booth, Whicker, Wyman, Pugh, Thompson
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-2
Learning Outcomes
31.1 List the organs of the male reproductive system
and give the locations, structures, and functions
of each.
31.2 Describe how sperm cells are formed.
31.3 Describe the substances found in semen.
31.4 Describes the process of erection and ejaculation.
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-3
Learning Outcomes (cont.)
31.5 List the actions of testosterone.
31.6 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and
treatment of various disorders of the male
reproductive system.
31.7 List the organs of the female reproductive system
and give the locations, structures, and functions
of each.
31.8 Explain how ova develop.
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-4
Learning Outcomes (cont.)
31.9 List the actions of estrogen and progesterone.
31.10 Explain how and when ovulation occurs.
31.11 Describe what happens to an ovum after
ovulation occurs.
31.12 List the purpose and events of the menstrual
cycle.
31.13 Define menopause and explain what causes it.
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-5
Learning Outcomes (cont.)
31.14 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and
treatments of various disorders of the female
reproductive system.
31.15 Explain how and where fertilization occurs.
31.16 Describe the process of implantation.
31.17 Explain the difference between an embryo and a
fetus.
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-6
Learning Outcomes (cont.)
31.18 Describe the changes that occur in a woman
during pregnancy.
31.19 List several birth control methods and explain
why they are effective.
31.20 List the causes of and treatments for infertility.
31.21 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and
treatments of the most common sexually
transmitted diseases.
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-7
Introduction

Male and female reproductive systems



Function together to produce offspring
Female reproductive system nurtures developing
offspring
Produce important hormones
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-8
Male Reproductive System

Testes


Scrotum – sac that holds
the testes

Seminiferous tubules
Primary organs

Develop in the abdominal
pelvic cavity of fetus

Descend into scrotal sac
shortly before or after
birth

Produce the male sex cells
(sperm)

Produce the male hormone
testosterone


On top of testes

Filled with spermatogenic
cells that produce sperm
cells
Interstitial cells produce
testosterone
Male
System
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-10
Male Reproductive System (cont.)
Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis
Spermatogonia (46 chromosomes)
Mitosis – makes primary spermatocytes
Undergo meiosis  two secondary spermatocytes
Divides – two spermatids = 4 spermatids
Develop flagella to become mature sperm cells
with 23 chromosomes
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-11
Male Reproductive System (cont.)

Sperm cells

Head


Nucleus with 23
chromosomes
Acrosome – enzymefilled sac



Tail

Flagellum that propels
sperm forward
Helps sperm
penetrate ovum
Midpiece

Mitochrondria that
generate cell’s energy
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-13
Male Reproductive System:
Internal Accessory Organs

Epididymis




Sits on top of each testis
Receives spermatids from
seminiferous tubules
Spermatids become sperm
cells
Vas deferens


Tube connected to
epididymis
Carries sperm cells to
urethra

Seminal vesicle

Secrete



Fluid rich in sugar used to
make energy
Prostaglandins – stimulate
muscular contractions in
female to propel sperm
forward
Seminal fluid


Released into vas deferens
just before ejaculation
60% of semen volume
Male
System
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-14
Internal Accessory Organs
Male Reproductive System:
Internal Accessory Organs (cont.)

Prostate gland




Surrounds urethra
Produces and secretes a
milky, alkaline fluid into
urethra just before
ejaculation
Fluid protects sperm in the
acidic environment of the
vagina
40% of semen

Bulbourethral (Cowper’s)
glands

Produce a mucus-like fluid



Secreted just before
ejaculation
Lubricates end of penis
Semen

Alkaline mixture




Nutrients
Prostoglandins
1.5 to 5.0 ml per ejaculate
Sperm count of 40 to 250
million / ml
Male
System
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-15
Male Reproductive System:
Internal Accessory Organs (cont.)

Scrotum

Penis


Holds testes away from
body

Temperature 1° below body
temperature

Lined with serous
membrane that secrets fluid



Shaft

Glans penis


Cone-shaped structure on
end of penis
Prepuce

Testes move freely
Erectile tissues surround
urethra
Skin covering glans penis
in uncircumcised males
Functions


Deliver sperm
Urination
Male
System
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-16
Male Reproductive System:
Erection, Orgasm, and Ejaculation

Erection



Orgasm



Parasympathetic nervous system stimulates erectile tissue
Become engorged with blood
Sperm cells propelled out of testes into urethra
Secretions from accessory organs also released into urethra
Ejaculation



Semen is forced out of urethra
Sympathetic nerves then stimulate erectile tissue to release blood
Penis returns to flaccid state
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-17
Male Reproductive System: Hormones

Hypothalamus

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Stimulates anterior pituitary to release



Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) – initiates
spermatogenesis
Luteinizing hormone (LH) – stimulates interstitial cells in
the testes to produce testosterone
Testosterone



Secondary sex characteristics
Maturation of male reproductive organs
Regulated by negative feedback
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-18
Apply Your Knowledge
Matching:
ANSWER:
D Vasectomy
___
A. Spermatogenesis
___
F Mixture of sperm and fluids
B. Testes
___
A Sperm cell formation
C. Penis
___
G Secrete alkaline fluid / prostaglandins
D. Vas deferens
___
B Produce testosterone
E. Hypothalamus
E GnRH
___
F. Semen
___
C Erectile tissue
G. Seminal vesicle
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-19
Diseases and Disorders of the Male
Reproductive System
Disease/Disorder Description
Benign prostatic
hypertrophy (BPH)
Nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate
gland; common in older men
Epididymitis
Inflammation of an epididymis; usually
starts as an urinary tract infection
Impotence or
Disorder in which erection cannot be
erectile dysfunction achieved or maintained; about 50% of males
(ED)
between 40 and 70 have some degree of ED
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-20
Diseases and Disorders of the Male
Reproductive System
Disease/Disorder Description
Prostate cancer
Most common form of cancer in men over
40; risks of developing it increase with age
Prostatitis
Inflammation of the prostate gland; may be
acute or chronic
Testicular cancer
Malignant growth in one or both testicles;
more common in males 15–30 years; more
aggressive malignancy
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-21
Apply Your Knowledge
Your patient has an elevated PSA. What is a PSA
and what does it indicate?
ANSWER: The PSA is a prostate-specific antigen
in the blood. Elevations of the PSA may indicate
prostate cancer.
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-22
Female Reproductive System:
Ovaries and Ovum Formation

Ovaries (2)

Primary sex organs produce




Located in the pelvic cavity
Medulla


Inner area; contains nerves, lymphatic vessels, and blood vessels
Cortex


Sex cells called ova
Hormones estrogen and progesterone
Outer area; contains ovarian follicles
Covered by epithelial and dense connective tissues
Female
System
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-24
Female Reproductive System:
Ovaries and Ovum Formation (cont.)

Primordial follicles
develop before birth and
contain



Oogenesis is the process of
ovum formation

A primary oocyte or
immature ovum (born with
maximum number)
At puberty, primary oocytes
are stimulated to continue
meiosis


Follicular cells
Becomes 1 polar body (a
nonfunctional cell) and
A secondary oocyte

Secondary oocyte released
during ovulation

If fertilized, the oocyte
divides to form a mature,
fertilized ovum
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-25
Female Reproductive System:

Internal Accessory Organs
Fallopian tube – oviduct

Infundibulum and fimbriae



Fringed, expanded end of fallopian tube near ovary
Function to “catch” an ovum
Muscular tube


Lined with mucous membrane and cilia
Propels ovum toward uterus
Internal Accessory
Organs
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-26
Female Reproductive System:
Internal Accessory Organs (cont.)

Uterus



Hollow, muscular organ
Receives embryo and
sustains its
development
Divisions



Fundus – domed upper
portion
Body – main portion
Cervix – narrow, lower
section extending into
vagina (cervical orifice)

Wall of uterus

Endometrium




Innermost lining
Vascular
Tubular glands – mucus
Myometrium


Internal Accessory
Organs
Middle, thick, muscular
layer
Perimetrium


Thin layer covering the
myometrium
Secretes serous fluid to
coat and protect uterus
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-27
Female Reproductive System:
Internal Accessory Organs (cont.)

Vagina



Tubular, muscular organ
Extends from uterus to outside body (vaginal introitus)
Muscular folds – rugae – enable expansion



Receive erect penis
Passage for delivery of offspring and uterine secretions
Wall



Innermost mucosal layer
Middle muscular layer
Outer fibrous layer
Internal Accessory
Organs
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-28
Internal Female Organs
Back
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31-29
Female Reproductive System:
External Accessory Organs

Mammary glands


Secretion of milk
Structures

Nipple



Oxytocin induces
lactiferous ducts to deliver
milk through openings
Areola – pigmented area
around nipple
Alveolar glands – within
mammary glands

Make milk when
stimulated by prolactin
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-30
Female Reproductive System:
External Genitalia

Collectively known as the vulva

Labia majora



Rounded folds of adipose tissue and skin
Protect other external reproductive organs
Labia minora




Fold of skin between labia majora
Very vascular
Merge to form hood over clitoris
Vestibule – space enclosed by labia minora

Bartholin’s glands secrete mucus during sexual arousal
External
Genitalia
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-31
Female Reproductive System:
External Genitalia (cont.)

Clitoris




Anterior to urethral meatus
Contains female erectile tissue
Rich in sensory nerves
Perineum


Between vagina and anus
Area for episiotomy, if needed, during birth
process
External
Genitalia
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-32
Female Reproductive System:
Erection, Lubrication, and Orgasm

Nervous stimulation




Clitoris becomes erect
Bartholin’s glands activates – lubrication
Vagina elongates
Orgasm


Sufficient stimulation of clitoris
Walls of uterus and fallopian tubes contract to
propel sperm up tubes
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-33
Female Reproductive System: Hormones
Hypothalamus
secretes GnRH
Ovaries to produce
estrogen and
progesterone
GnRH
Anterior pituitary
releases FSH & LH
Estrogen and progesterone
 Responsible for development
of secondary sex characteristics
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-34
Female Reproductive System:
Reproductive Cycle

Menstrual cycle

Regular changes in uterine
lining, resulting in monthly
bleeding

Menarche – first menstrual
period

Menopause – termination
of cycle due to normal
aging of ovaries
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-35
Female Reproductive System:
Reproductive Cycle (cont.)
Anterior pituitary
releases FSH
Then releases
LH
Follicular cells
become
corpus luteum
which secretes
progesterone
Ovarian follicle
matures and secretes
estrogen
Triggers
ovulation
Uterine lining thickens
Lining more vascular
and glandular
Without fertilization

Corpus luteum degenerates

Estrogen and progesterone
levels fall

Uterine lining breaks down
– menses starts

Cycle begins again with
release of FSH
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-36
YIPPEE!
Apply Your Knowledge
True or False:
ANSWER:
___
F The ovaries only produce estrogen.
They also produce progesterone.
___
F Ovulation is the process of ovum formation.
Oogenesis
T The fallopian tube is also called the oviduct.
___
F The endometrium is the outer layer of the uterine wall.
___
T Alveolar glands produce milk.
___
inner layer
lactiferous ducts
F
___Oxytocin
induces the alveolar glands to deliver milk through the nipples.
___
F Menarche is the termination of the menstrual cycle.
the first
menstrual cycle
T Menopause occurs due to normal aging of the ovaries.
___
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-37
Diseases and Disorders of the Female
Reproductive System
Disease/Disorder Description
Breast cancer
Second leading cause of cancer deaths in
women; classified as stage 0 to 4
Cervical cancer
Slow to develop; Pap smear detects
abnormal cervical cells
Cervicitis
Inflammation of the cervix usually due to an
infection
Dysmenorrhea
Condition with severe menstrual cramps
limiting normal activities
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-38
Diseases and Disorders of the Female
Reproductive System (cont.)
Disease/Disorder Description
Endometriosis
Tissues of uterine lining growing outside of
the uterus
Fibrocystic breast
disease
Abnormal cystic tissue in the breast; size
varies related to menstrual cycle; common in
60% of women between 30 and 50
Fibroids
Benign tumors in the uterine wall; affect
25% of women in their 30s and 40s
Considered more deadly than other types;
detection difficult and often spreads before
detection
Ovarian cancer
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-39
Diseases and Disorders of the Female
Reproductive System (cont.)
Disease/Disorder Description
Premenstrual
syndrome (PMS)
Collection of symptoms occurring just
before a menstrual period
Vaginitis /
vulvovaginitis
Inflammation of the vagina / inflammation of
vagina and vulva; both associated with
abnormal vaginal discharge
Uterine
Most common in post-menopausal women;
(endometrial) cancer causes about 6% of cancer deaths in women
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-40
Apply Your Knowledge
Matching:
ANSWER:
E Inflammation of the cervix
___
A. Dysmenorrhea
___
G Cancer common in post-menopausal women
B. Cervical cancer
___
B Develops slowly; detected by Pap smear
C. Fibroids
___
F Uterine tissue grows outside uterus
D. Breast cancer
D Second leading cause of cancer death in women E. Cervicitis
___
A Severe menstrual cramps
___
F. Endometriosis
___
C Benign tumors in the uterine wall
G. Uterine cancer
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-41
Pregnancy: Fertilization

Pregnancy – condition of having a developing
offspring in the uterus

Fertilization – process in which a sperm cell unites
with an ovum; results in pregnancy

Only one sperm cell penetrates the follicular cells and the
zona pellucida that surround the ovum’s cell membrane

After fertilization, ovum releases enzymes that cause the
zona pellucida to become impenetrable to other sperm

Zygote forms from union of ovum and sperm

Contains 46 chromosomes
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-42
Pregnancy: The Prenatal Period

Time before birth

Zygote – undergoes rapid mitosis



First week after fertilization
Cleavage – rapid cell division
Morula – ball of cells resulting from cleavage



Travels down fallopian tube to uterus
Becomes blastocyst which implants in endometrial wall
Blastocyst


Some cells (inner cell mass) become embryo
Others, along with cells from uterus, form placenta
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-43
Pregnancy: The Prenatal Period (cont.)

Embryonic period

Week 2 through 8

Inner cell mass
organizes into three
primary germ layers



Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

Formation of
 Placenta
 Amnion
 Umbilical cord
 Yolk sack
 Most internal
organs and external
structures of
embryo
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-44
Pregnancy: The Prenatal Period (cont.)

Fetal period

Week 8 through birth

Rapid growth

5th month – skeletal
muscles active

6th month – gains
weight

Last 3 months – fetal
brain cells rapidly divide

GI and respiratory
systems last to develop
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31-45
Pregnancy: Fetal Circulation

Placenta and umbilical blood vessels carry out
the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste
products

Unique differences from normal circulation



Foramen ovale – hole between right and left atria
enables most of fetal blood to bypass lungs
Ductus arteriosus – connection between
pulmonary trunk and aorta
Ductus venosus – vessel that bypasses liver
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-46
Pregnancy: Hormonal Changes

Embryonic cells secrete human chorionic
gonadotropin (HCG)


Maintains the corpus luteum
Estrogen and progesterone


Secreted by corpus luteum and placenta
Functions


Stimulate uterine lining to thicken, development of mammary
glands, enlargement of female reproductive organs
Inhibit release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary gland
(preventing ovulation) and uterine contractions
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-47
Pregnancy: Hormonal Changes (cont.)

Relaxin



From corpus luteum
Inhibits uterine
contractions and relaxes
ligaments of pelvis
Lactogen



From placenta
Stimulates
enlargements of
mammary glands
Aldosterone



From adrenal gland
Increases sodium and
water retention
Parathyroid hormone
(PTH)

Helps maintain high
calcium levels in the
blood
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-48
Apply Your Knowledge
What are the primary germ layers and what tissue develops from
them?
ANSWER: The primary germ layers are the:
 Ectoderm – nervous tissue and some epithelial tissue
 Mesoderm – connective tissue and some epithelial tissue
 Endoderm – epithelial tissue only
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-49
The Birth Process

Begins when progesterone levels fall

Prostaglandins secreted by uterus stimulate uterine
contractions

Uterine contractions stimulate posterior pituitary
gland to release oxytocin

Oxytocin stimulates strong uterine contractions
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-50
The Birth Process (cont.)

Three stages

Dilation



Expulsion or parturition



Cervix thins and softens (effacement)
Lasts 8 – 24 hours
Actual birth
May take 30 minutes or less
Placental stage – 10 to 15 minutes after the birth, the
placenta separates from uterine wall and is expelled
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31-51
The Birth Process (cont.)

The postnatal period

Six-week period
following birth



Milk production and
secretion

Neonatal period –
first four weeks
Prolactin – production
of milk

Neonate is
adjusting to life
outside uterus
Oxytocin – ejection of
milk from mammary
gland ducts

Production continues as
long as breast-feeding
continues
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-52
Apply Your Knowledge
What are the three stages of the birth process and what
occurs during each?
ANSWER: The three stages are:
 Dilation – the cervix thins, softens, (effacement) and dilates to
approximately 10 cm
 Expulsion – also called parturition; the actual birth stage
 Placental stage – placenta separates from uterine wall and is
expelled
Impressive!
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31-53
Contraception
Method
Description
Coitus
interruptus
Penis is withdrawn from vagina before
ejaculation; not a reliable method
Rhythm method
Requires abstinence around time of ovulation;
not a reliable method
Mechanical
barriers
Chemical
barriers
Prevent sperm from entering female
reproductive tract
Destroy sperm in the female reproductive tract;
primarily spermicides; often used with
mechanical barriers
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-54
Contraception (cont.)
Method
Description
Oral
contraceptives
Birth control pills; prevent ovulation by
preventing LH surge
Injectable
contraceptives
Prevent ovulation and alter lining of uterus to
prevent implantation of blastocyst
Insertable
contraceptives
Ring inserted vaginally and removed at the
beginning of the 4th week to allow menstruation
Contraceptive
implants
Small rods of progesterone implanted beneath
skin; prevent ovulation
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-55
Contraception (cont.)
Method
Description
Transdermal
contraceptives
Contraceptives in the form of a patch; applied
weekly for 3 weeks; not used the 4th week to
allow menstruation
Small, solid devices placed into uterus by MD;
prevents implantation of blastocyst
Intrauterine
device (IUD)
Surgical
methods
Tubal ligation – fallopian tube fulgurated to
prevent sperm from reaching oocyte
Vasectomy – vas deferens is fulgurated to
prevent ejaculation of sperm
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-56
Apply Your Knowledge
Your patient has just been told that she is pregnant, but
she does not understand why she could get pregnant.
She states, “ I have been using the rhythm method of
birth control very carefully.” What patient teaching
would you do to assist her to understand?
ANSWER: The rhythm method is not as effective
as other birth control, because it is sometimes
difficult to tell when ovulation occurs.
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-57
Infertility

Inability to conceive a child



Primary – no prior pregnancy, unable to achieve
pregnancy in 12 months
Secondary – at least one prior pregnancy, unable
to achieve pregnancy after one year
Causes



15% unknown
35% male-related problems
50% female-related problems
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-58
Infertility (cont.)

Male-related








Impotence
Retrograde ejaculation
Low or absent sperm
count
Medications / drugs
Decreased testosterone
Scarring from STDs
Prior mumps infection
Inflammation of
epididymis or testes

Female-related









Scarring from STDs
Pelvic inflammatory
disease
Inadequate diet
No ovulation or menstrual
cycle
Endometriosis
Abnormal shape of uterus
or cervix
Hormonal imbalances
Cysts in ovaries
Older than 40 years
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-59
Infertility (cont.)

Tests







Semen analysis
Monitoring of morning
body temperature
Blood hormone
measurements
Endometrial biopsy
Urine analysis for LH
Hysterosalpingogram
laparoscopy

Treatments






Surgical repair of
abnormalities
Fertility drugs
Hormone therapies
Artificial insemination
In vitro fertilization
Use of surrogate
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-60
Apply Your Knowledge
Indicate whether each cause of infertility is male-related (M),
female-related (F), or both (B).
ANSWER:
___
F Pelvic inflammatory
M Retrograde ejaculation
___
disease
Very
good!
M Mumps infection
___
___
F Hormone imbalances
___
F Inadequate diet
M Use of some medications
___
B Scarring from STDs
___
___
F Being over 40 years old
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-61
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
STD
Cause
AIDS
HIV virus causes AIDS; described in Chapter 21
Chlamydia
Caused by bacterium; most commonly reported;
often no symptoms in female
Caused by HPV; not everyone infected has
symptoms
Bacterial cause
Genital warts
Gonorrhea
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-62
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (cont.)
STD
Cause
Herpes
simplex
Caused by viruses; type I causes cold sores; type
II commonly known as genital herpes; may be
passed from mother to child during childbirth
Pubic lice
Parasitic infestation; commonly called crabs
Syphilis
Caused by bacteria; decreasing in women but
increasing in males who have sex with other
males
Caused by protozoan parasite; also called
trichomonas infection or “trich”
Trichomoniasis
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-63
Apply Your Knowledge
Match:
ANSWER:
D Most commonly reported STD in the U.S.
___
A. Gonorrhea
F Two types; both caused by a virus
___
B. Genital warts
E Crabs
___
C. Syphilis
C Increasing incidence in males
___
D. Chlamydia
A Common bacterial STD; can also grow in mouth E. Pubic lice
___
B Caused by HPV virus
___
F. Herpes simplex
S
U
P
E
R
!
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-64
In Summary



Ability to reproduce is a basic characteristic
of life
Female and male systems work together to
produce offspring
Medical assistant must have knowledge of
reproductive systems to


Assist with exams and procedures
Provide patient education
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
31-65
End of Chapter
The reproduction of
mankind is a great
marvel and mystery.
~Martin Luther
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved