Transcript CH40 Terrorism Response and Disaster Managementx

Chapter 40
Terrorism Response and Disaster
Management
National EMS Education
Standard Competencies (1 of 2)
EMS Operations
Knowledge of operational roles and
responsibilities to ensure patient, public, and
personnel safety.
National EMS Education
Standard Competencies (2 of 2)
Mass-Casualty Incidents Due to Terrorism
and Disaster
• Risks and responsibilities of operating on
the scene of a natural or man-made
disaster
Introduction
• You may be called on to respond to a
terrorist event during your career.
• It is difficult to plan for and anticipate a
response to many terrorist events.
– Several key principles apply to every response.
What Is Terrorism? (1 of 4)
• Terrorist forces have been at work since
early civilizations.
• Terrorism involves violent acts or acts
dangerous to human life that violate federal
or state law and appears to be intended to:
– Intimidate or coerce a civilian population
– Influence the policy of a government by
intimidation or coercion
– Affect the conduct of a government by mass
destruction, assassination, or kidnapping
What Is Terrorism? (2 of 4)
• International terrorism occurs primarily
outside of the United States.
– Terrorism is common in the Middle East.
• Domestic terrorism occurs primarily within
the United States.
– In the United States, domestic terrorists have
struck multiple times.
• Only a small percentage of groups actually
turn to terrorism to achieve their goals.
What Is Terrorism? (3 of 4)
• Religious extremist
groups/doomsday cults
– May participate in
apocalyptic violence
• Extremist political groups
© Reuters/STR/Landov.
– Include violent
separatist groups and
those who seek
political, religious,
economic, and social
freedom
What Is Terrorism? (4 of 4)
• Cyber terrorists
– Those who attack a
population’s
technological
infrastructure
• Single-issue groups
© Rick Bowmer/AP Photo.
– Include antiabortion
groups, animal rights
groups, anarchists,
racists, ecoterrorists
Weapons of Mass Destruction
(1 of 6)
• Also called weapons of mass casualty
• Any agent designed to bring about:
– Mass death
– Casualties
– Massive damage to property and infrastructure
Weapons of Mass Destruction
(2 of 6)
• B-NICE and CBRNE are mnemonics for the
kinds of WMDs.
• B-NICE
– Biologic
– Nuclear
– Incendiary
– Chemical
– Explosive
Weapons of Mass Destruction
(3 of 6)
• CBRNE
– Chemical
– Biologic
– Radiologic
– Nuclear
– Explosive
Weapons of Mass Destruction
(4 of 6)
• Explosives have been the preferred WMD.
• Chemical agents consist of:
– Vesicants (blister agents)
– Respiratory agents (choking agents)
– Nerve agents
– Metabolic agents (cyanides)
Weapons of Mass Destruction
(5 of 6)
• Biologic terrorism/warfare
– Biologic agents are organisms that cause
disease.
– The primary types are:
• Viruses
• Bacteria
• Toxins
Weapons of Mass Destruction
(6 of 6)
• Nuclear/radiologic terrorism
– Only two publicly known incidents: Hiroshima
and Nagasaki
– These materials are far easier for a determined
terrorist to acquire and require less expertise to
use.
– “Dirty bombs” can cause widespread panic.
EMT Response to Terrorism
(1 of 3)
• The basic foundations of patient care
remain the same.
– However, treatment can and will vary.
– Always remember situational awareness
• Recognizing a terrorist event
– Planning of acts of terror is covert.
– You must know the current threat level issued
by the Department of Homeland Security
(DHS).
EMT Response to Terrorism
(2 of 3)
• National Terrorism Advisory System
(NTAS).
– Alerts from the NTAS contain a summary of the
threat and the actions that first responders,
government agencies, and the public can take to
maintain safety.
EMT Response to Terrorism
(3 of 3)
• On every call, you must make the following
observations:
– Type of location
– Type of call
– Number of patients
– Victims’ statements
– Preincident indicators
Response Actions (1 of 6)
• Scene safety
– Stage your vehicle a safe distance away.
– Wait for law enforcement personnel.
– If you have any doubt, do not enter.
– The best location for staging is upwind and
uphill from the incident.
• Secondary device
– Additional explosives set to explode after the
initial bomb
Response Actions (2 of 6)
© Dennis MacDonald/Alamy.
Response Actions (3 of 6)
• Responder safety
– The best form of protection is preventing
yourself from coming in contact with the agent.
– Contamination occurs when you have direct
contact with the WMD.
– Cross-contamination occurs when you come in
contact with a contaminated person.
Response Actions (4 of 6)
• Notification procedures
– Notify the dispatcher of:
• The nature of the event
• Any additional resources that may be
required
• The estimated number of patients
• The upwind or optimal route of approach
– Establish a staging area.
– Trained responders in PPE are the only persons
equipped to handle the WMD incident.
Response Actions (5 of 6)
• Establishing command
– You may need to establish command until
additional personnel arrive.
– You and other EMTs may function as:
• Medical branch directors
• Triage, treatment, or transportation
supervisors
• Logistics officers
• Command and general staff
Response Actions (6 of 6)
• Reassessing scene safety
– It is every EMT’s responsibility to constantly
assess and reassess the scene for safety.
– This is an important component of situational
awareness.
Chemical Agents (1 of 2)
• Liquids or gases that are dispersed to kill or
injure
– Persistent (nonvolatile) agents can remain on a
surface for long periods.
– Nonpersistent (volatile) agents evaporate
rapidly.
Chemical Agents (2 of 2)
• Route of exposure is a term used to
describe how the agent most effectively
enters the body.
– Agents with a vapor hazard enter through the
respiratory tract in the form of vapors.
– Agents with a contact hazard (or skin hazard)
give off very little vapor or no vapors and enter
the body through the skin.
Vesicants (1 of 5)
• Primary route is the skin (contact).
– If vesicants are left on the skin long enough,
they produce vapors that can enter the
respiratory tract.
• Cause burnlike blisters to form on the
victim’s skin and in the respiratory tract
• Usually cause the most damage to damp or
moist areas of the body
Vesicants (2 of 5)
• Signs of vesicant exposure on the skin:
– Skin irritation, burning, and reddening
– Immediate, intense skin pain
– Formation of large blisters
– Gray discoloration of skin
– Swollen and closed or irritated eyes
– Permanent eye injury (including blindness)
Vesicants (3 of 5)
• Sulfur mustard (H)
– Brownish-yellowish oily substance
– Generally considered very persistent
– Begins an irreversible process of damage to the
cells
– Attacks vulnerable cells within the bone marrow
and depletes the body’s ability to reproduce
white blood cells
– Sulfur mustard vapors can be inhaled, creating
upper and lower airway compromise.
Vesicants (4 of 5)
• Lewisite (L) and phosgene oxime (CX)
– Produce blister wounds very similar to those
caused by mustard
– Produce immediate intense pain and discomfort
when contact is made
– The patient may have a grayish discoloration at
the contaminated site.
Vesicants (5 of 5)
• Vesicant agent treatment
– No antidotes for mustard or CX exposure
– Ensure that the patient has been
decontaminated before treatment is initiated.
– If agent has been inhaled, the patient may
require prompt airway support.
– Initiate transport as soon as possible.
– Generally, burn centers are best equipped to
handle the wounds and infections.
Pulmonary Agents (1 of 4)
• Gases that cause immediate harm to
persons exposed to them
• Primary route is through the respiratory
tract.
– Once inside the lungs, they damage the lung
tissue and fluid leaks into the lungs.
– Pulmonary edema develops, resulting in
difficulty breathing because of severely impaired
gas exchange.
Pulmonary Agents (2 of 4)
• Chlorine (Cl)
– First chemical agent ever used in warfare
– Initially, produces upper airway irritation and a
choking sensation
– Patient may later experience:
• Shortness of breath
• Chest tightness
• Hoarseness and stridor
• Gasping and coughing
• Pulmonary edema
Pulmonary Agents (3 of 4)
• Phosgene
– Product of combustion
– Very potent agent with a delayed onset of
symptoms
– Initially, a mild exposure may include:
• Nausea
• Chest tightness
• Severe cough
• Dyspnea on exertion
• Pulmonary edema
Pulmonary Agents (4 of 4)
• Pulmonary agent treatment
– Remove the patient from the contaminated
atmosphere.
– Manage the ABCs aggressively.
– Pay particular attention to oxygenation,
ventilation, and suctioning.
– Do not allow the patient to be active.
– There are no antidotes.
– Consider requesting ALS.
Nerve Agents (1 of 4)
• Among the most deadly chemicals
developed
• Can cause cardiac arrest within seconds to
minutes of exposure
• G agents came from the early nerve agents,
the G series.
Nerve Agents (2 of 4)
© Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Nerve Agents (3 of 4)
• Nerve agents all
produce similar
symptoms but
have varying
routes of entry.
© Jones & Bartlett Learning.
– Use SLUDGEM
and DUMBELS
Nerve Agents (4 of 4)
• Nerve agent treatment
– DuoDote Auto-Injector (Antidote Treatment
Nerve Agent Auto-Injector ([ATNAA])
Metabolic Agents (1 of 4)
• Hydrogen cyanide (AC) and cyanogen
chloride (CK) are both agents that affect the
body’s ability to use oxygen.
• Commonly found in many industrial settings
• Associated with dizziness, lightheadedness, headache, and vomiting
Metabolic Agents (2 of 4)
• High doses will produce:
– Shortness of breath/gasping respirations
– Respiratory distress or arrest
– Tachypnea
– Flushed skin
– Tachycardia
Metabolic Agents (3 of 4)
• High doses will produce (cont’d):
– Altered mental status
– Seizures
– Coma
– Apnea
– Cardiac arrest
Metabolic Agents (4 of 4)
• Cyanide agent treatment
– All of the patient’s clothes must be removed to
prevent off-gassing in the ambulance.
– Support the patient’s ABCs.
– Initiate transport immediately if antidote by ALS
is not available.
Biologic Agents (1 of 2)
• Can be almost completely undetectable
• Diseases caused will be similar to other
minor illnesses
• May be spread in various ways
– Dissemination is the means by which a terrorist
will spread the agent.
– A disease vector is an animal that spreads
disease to another animal.
Biologic Agents (2 of 2)
• How easily the disease is able to spread
from one human to another human is called
communicability.
• Incubation is the period of time between the
person becoming exposed to the agent and
the appearance of the first symptoms.
Viruses (1 of 5)
• Germs that require a living host to multiply
and survive
• Invades healthy cells and replicates itself to
spread through the host
• Moves from host to host by direct methods
or through vectors
Viruses (2 of 5)
• Smallpox is highly
contagious.
– You must wear
examination
gloves, a HEPAfiltered respirator,
and eye protection.
Courtesy of CDC.
– Observe the size,
shape, and
location of the
lesions.
Viruses (3 of 5)
© Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Viruses (4 of 5)
• Viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF)
– Causes the blood in the body to seep out from
the tissues and blood vessels
– The patient will have flulike symptoms,
progressing to more serious symptoms such as
internal and external hemorrhaging.
– All standard precautions must be taken.
Viruses (5 of 5)
© Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Bacteria (1 of 6)
• Do not require a host to multiply and live
• More complex than viruses and can grow
up to 100 times larger
• Most can be fought with antibiotics.
• Most will generally begin with flulike
symptoms.
Bacteria (2 of 6)
• Inhalation and cutaneous anthrax
– Anthrax is caused by a deadly bacterium that
lays dormant in a spore.
– Routes of entry are inhalation, cutaneous, and
gastrointestinal.
– Pulmonary anthrax is the most deadly.
– Antibiotics can be used to treat anthrax
successfully.
Bacteria (3 of 6)
© Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Bacteria (4 of 6)
• Plague
– Natural vectors are rodents and fleas.
– Bubonic plague infects the lymphatic system
and creates buboes.
– Pneumonic plague is a lung infection that
results from inhalation of plague bacteria.
Bacteria (5 of 6)
Courtesy of CDC.
Courtesy of CDC.
Bacteria (6 of 6)
© Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Neurotoxins (1 of 5)
• Most deadly substances known to humans
• Produced from plants, marine animals,
molds, and bacteria
• Route of entry is ingestion, inhalation, or
injection.
• Not contagious and have a faster onset of
symptoms
Neurotoxins (2 of 5)
• Botulinum toxin
– Most potent neurotoxin
– Produced by bacteria
– Affects the nervous system’s ability to function
– Voluntary muscle control diminishes.
– Eventually the toxin causes muscle paralysis,
leading to respiratory arrest.
Neurotoxins (3 of 5)
© Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Neurotoxins (4 of 5)
• Ricin
– Derived from mash from the castor bean
– Causes pulmonary edema and respiratory and
circulatory failure, leading to death
– Quite stable and extremely toxic
– Treatment is supportive and includes both
respiratory support and cardiovascular support
as needed.
Neurotoxins (5 of 5)
© Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Other EMT Roles (1 of 2)
• Syndromic surveillance
– Monitoring of patients presenting to EDs and
alternative care facilities
– Patients with signs and symptoms that
resemble influenza are important.
– Quality assurance and dispatch need to be
aware of an unusual number of calls from
patients with unexplainable symptom clusters.
Other EMT Roles (2 of 2)
• Points of distribution (POD)
– Established in the time of need for the mass
distribution of antibiotics, antidotes,
vaccinations, and other medications and
supplies
– Push packs distributed by the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention Strategic
National Stockpile
– Push packs have a delivery time of 12 hours
anywhere in the country.
Radiologic/Nuclear Devices
(1 of 10)
• Ionizing radiation is emitted in the form of
rays, or particles.
• Alpha, beta, gamma (x-ray), and neutron
radiation
– Alpha is the least harmful type.
– Beta is slightly more penetrating.
– Gamma rays are faster and stronger.
– Neutron particles are the most powerful.
Radiologic/Nuclear Devices
(2 of 10)
© Jones & Bartlett Learning.
© Jones & Bartlett Learning.
© Jones & Bartlett Learning.
© Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Radiologic/Nuclear Devices
(3 of 10)
• Once radiologic material has been used, the
remaining material is called radiologic
waste.
• These materials can be found at:
– Hospitals and health care facilities with
radiology departments
– Colleges and universities
– Nuclear power plants
– Chemical and industrial sites
Radiologic/Nuclear Devices
(4 of 10)
• Radiologic dispersal devices (RDDs)
– Any container designed to disperse radioactive
material
– A “dirty bomb” can injure victims with the
radioactive or explosive material.
– The dirty bomb is an ineffective WMD.
Radiologic/Nuclear Devices
(5 of 10)
• Nuclear energy is artificially made by
altering (splitting) radioactive atoms.
– The result is an immense amount of energy that
usually takes the form of heat.
– Nuclear material is used in:
• Medicine
• Weapons
• Naval vessels
• Power plants
Radiologic/Nuclear Devices
(6 of 10)
• Nuclear weapons
– Kept only in secure facilities
– The likelihood of a nuclear attack is extremely
remote.
– The whereabouts of many small nuclear
devices are unknown.
• Special Atomic Demolition Munition (SADM)
Radiologic/Nuclear Devices
(7 of 10)
• Patients exposed to excessive radiation are
considered victims of acute radiation
toxicity.
• Effects of radiation exposure will vary
depending on the amount of radiation and
the route of entry.
– Radiation can be introduced into the body by all
routes of entry.
Radiologic/Nuclear Devices
(8 of 10)
© Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Radiologic/Nuclear Devices
(9 of 10)
• Being exposed to a radiation source does
not make a patient contaminated or
radioactive.
– However, when patients have a radioactive
source on their body, they must be initially
cared for by a HazMat responder.
– After decontamination, you may begin treatment
with the ABCs.
– Wear appropriate PPE and place all body fluids
in containers for proper disposal.
Radiologic/Nuclear Devices
(10 of 10)
• There is no protective gear designed to
completely shield you from radiation.
– The less time that you are exposed to the
source, the less the effects will be.
– Make certain that responders are stationed far
enough from the incident.
– Always assume it is the strongest form of
radiation and use concrete shielding.
Incendiary and Explosive
Devices (1 of 6)
• Incendiary (used to start fires) and
explosive devices come in various shapes
and sizes.
– It is important to identify an object you believe is
a potential device.
– Notify the authorities and safely evacuate the
area.
• Always remember that there is the
possibility of a secondary device when you
respond to the scene.
Incendiary and Explosive
Devices (2 of 6)
• Primary blast injury
– Direct effects of the pressure wave on the body
– Seen almost exclusively in the hollow organs
– An injury to the lungs causes the greatest
morbidity and mortality.
• Secondary blast injury
– Penetrating or nonpenetrating injury that results
from flying debris
Incendiary and Explosive
Devices (3 of 6)
• Tertiary blast injury
– Whole body displacement and subsequent
impact with environmental objects
– Also includes crush injury
• Quaternary blast injury
– Any other injury caused by a blast
Incendiary and Explosive
Devices (4 of 6)
• The physics of an explosion
– When a substance is detonated, a solid or liquid
is chemically converted into gas under high
pressure.
– This generates a spherical blast wave.
– Flying debris and high winds commonly cause
conventional blunt and penetrating trauma.
Incendiary and Explosive
Devices (5 of 6)
• Hollow organs such as the middle ear, lung,
and GI tract are most susceptible to
pressure changes.
– The ear is the organ system most sensitive to
blast injuries.
– Primary pulmonary blast injuries occur as
contusions and hemorrhages.
Incendiary and Explosive
Devices (6 of 6)
• Blast lung is the most common cause of
death from blast injury.
• Neurologic injuries and head trauma are
also common causes of death from blast
injuries.
• Extremity injuries, including traumatic
amputations, are common.
Review
1. What type of terrorist group would MOST
likely bomb an abortion clinic?
A. Single-issue group
B. Technology terrorists
C. Extremist political group
D. Violent religious group
Review
Answer: A
Rationale: Single-issue terrorist groups, as
their name implies, focus on single issues.
They include antiabortion groups, animal
rights groups, anarchists, racists, or even
ecoterrorists, who threaten violence as a
means to protect the environment.
Review (1 of 2)
1. What type of terrorist group would MOST
likely bomb an abortion clinic?
A. Single-issue group
Rationale: Correct answer
B. Technology terrorists
Rationale: Technology terrorists would attack
the technology infrastructure.
Review (2 of 2)
1. What type of terrorist group would MOST
likely bomb an abortion clinic?
C. Extremist political group
Rationale: An extremist political group seeks
political, religious, economic, and social
freedom.
D. Violent religious group
Rationale: Violent religious groups, also
known as doomsday cults, may participate in
apocalyptic violence.
Review
2. The term “weaponization” is defined as:
A. the period of time that a chemical agent will remain
on a given surface before it evaporates.
B. the method or mechanism by which a terrorist or
terrorist group delivers a chemical or biologic
agent.
C. the cultivation, synthesization, and/or mutation of
an agent in order to maximize the target
population’s exposure.
D. the detonation of an explosive device utilizing an
item that is inconspicuous, such as a briefcase or
suitcase.
Review
Answer: C
Rationale: Weaponization is the creation of a
weapon from a biologic agent generally found
in nature that causes disease. The agent is
cultivated, synthesized, and/or mutated to
maximize the target population’s exposure to
the agent.
Review (1 of 2)
2. The term “weaponization” is defined as:
A. the period of time that a chemical agent will
remain on a given surface before it
evaporates.
Rationale: This is persistency and volatility.
B. the method or mechanism by which a terrorist
or terrorist group delivers a chemical or
biologic agent.
Rationale: This is dissemination.
Review (2 of 2)
2. The term “weaponization” is defined as:
C. the cultivation, synthesization, and/or mutation
of an agent in order to maximize the target
population’s exposure.
Rationale: Correct answer
D. the detonation of an explosive device utilizing
an item that is inconspicuous, such as a
briefcase or suitcase.
Rationale: This is not the correct answer.
Review
3. The Department of Homeland Security
posts a daily advisory system to keep the
public aware of the current terrorist threat
level. What does an orange level indicate?
A. Low: Low risk of terrorist attacks
B. High: High risk of terrorist attacks
C. Severe: Severe risk of terrorist attacks
D. Elevated: Significant risk of terrorist attacks
Review
Answer: B
Rationale: According to the Department of
Homeland Security (DHS) advisory system,
the color orange indicates a high risk of
terrorist attacks. Red, the highest level,
indicates a severe risk of terrorist attacks.
Yellow (elevated) indicates a significant risk of
terrorist attacks. Blue (guarded) indicates a
general risk of terrorist attacks. Green
indicates a low risk of terrorist attacks.
Review
3. The Department of Homeland Security posts a
daily advisory system to keep the public aware of
the current terrorist threat level. What does an
orange level indicate?
A. Low: Low risk of terrorist attacks
Rationale: This is a green level.
B. High: High risk of terrorist attacks
Rationale: Correct answer
C. Severe: Severe risk of terrorist attacks
Rationale: This is a red level.
D. Elevated: Significant risk of terrorist attacks
Rationale: This is a yellow level.
Review
4. You are dispatched to a bombing along
with 15 other ambulances. Upon arriving at
the scene, you should stage your
ambulance:
A. as close to the bombing site as possible.
B. upwind and uphill from the bombing site.
C. downwind and uphill from the bombing site.
D. upwind and downhill from the bombing site.
Review
Answer: B
Rationale: As with any HazMat incident, you
should stage your ambulance uphill and
upwind from a bombing site. A hazardous
chemical may have been released during the
bombing; remaining uphill and upwind from
the incident site will minimize your risk of
exposure.
Review (1 of 2)
4. You are dispatched to a bombing along
with 15 other ambulances. Upon arriving at
the scene, you should stage your
ambulance:
A. as close to the bombing site as possible.
Rationale: You do not know if there was a
chemical release or if there may be additional
bombings.
B. upwind and uphill from the bombing site.
Rationale: Correct answer
Review (2 of 2)
4. You are dispatched to a bombing along
with 15 other ambulances. Upon arriving at
the scene, you should stage your
ambulance:
C. downwind and uphill from the bombing site.
Rationale: You should treat the scene like a
HazMat situation; stay upwind.
D. upwind and downhill from the bombing site.
Rationale: You should remain uphill.
Review
5. A terrorist would MOST likely use a
secondary explosive device:
A. to ensure that a structure is completely
destroyed.
B. in case the primary explosive device fails to
detonate.
C. as a means of dispersing a biologic or
chemical agent.
D. to injure rescuers and gain maximum public
attention.
Review
Answer: D
Rationale: A secondary explosive device is
usually aimed at injuring or killing rescue
workers. It is also designed to be caught on
camera by the media, which draws public
attention to the terrorist. Biologic or chemical
agents can be dispersed by the primary
device, the secondary device, or both.
Review (1 of 2)
5. A terrorist would MOST likely use a
secondary explosive device:
A. to ensure that a structure is completely
destroyed.
Rationale: The building will be destroyed by
the first explosive device if that is the intention
of the terrorist.
B. in case the primary explosive device fails to
detonate.
Rationale: A secondary explosive device is
not usually needed for this reason.
Review (2 of 2)
5. A terrorist would MOST likely use a
secondary explosive device:
C. as a means of dispersing a biologic or
chemical agent.
Rationale: These agents can be dispersed in
either a primary or secondary device.
D. to injure rescuers and gain maximum public
attention.
Rationale: Correct answer
Review
6. When assessing a patient who was
exposed to a vesicant agent, you should
expect to encounter:
A. skin blistering.
B. loss of hearing.
C. vomiting blood.
D. profound bradycardia.
Review
Answer: A
Rationale: The primary exposure route of
vesicant agents—also called blister agents—
is the skin. Vesicants usually cause the most
damage to damp or moist areas of the body,
such as the armpits, groin, and respiratory
tract. Signs of vesicant exposure on the skin
include irritation, reddening, and burning;
immediate, intense pain; and the formation of
large blisters, among others.
Review (1 of 2)
6. When assessing a patient who was
exposed to a vesicant agent, you should
expect to encounter:
A. skin blistering.
Rationale: Correct answer
B. loss of hearing.
Rationale: A vesicant agent will cause
blindness.
Review (2 of 2)
6. When assessing a patient who was
exposed to a vesicant agent, you should
expect to encounter:
C. vomiting blood.
Rationale: A vesicant agent will cause the
patient to cough up blood.
D. profound bradycardia.
Rationale: This is incorrect.
Review
7. What does sulfur mustard do to the cells
within the body?
A. It makes the cells retain water until they
explode.
B. It causes the cells to release all their energy,
which then causes cellular death.
C. It makes the cells mutate, which damages and
changes the cells and causes cellular death.
D. It makes the cells release all their fluids and
causes severe dehydration until cellular death
occurs.
Review
Answer: C
Rationale: Sulfur mustard (agent H) causes
the cells to mutate, which changes the
structure of the cell so it can no longer
perform its functions within the body. This
causes cellular death, which can lead to end
organ failure.
Review (1 of 2)
7. What does sulfur mustard do to the cells
within the body?
A. It makes the cells retain water until they
explode.
Rationale: Sulfur mustard makes cells
mutate.
B. It causes the cells to release all their energy,
which then causes cellular death.
Rationale: Cellular death occurs due to
mutation.
Review (2 of 2)
7. What does sulfur mustard do to the cells
within the body?
C. It makes the cells mutate, which damages and
changes the cells and causes cellular death.
Rationale: Correct answer
D. It makes the cells release all their fluids and
causes severe dehydration until cellular death
occurs.
Rationale: This is incorrect.
Review
8. Pinpoint pupils, vomiting, bradycardia, and
excessive salivation are signs of exposure
to:
A. lewisite.
B. soman.
C. cyanide.
D. phosgene.
Review
Answer: B
Rationale: Soman (GD) is a nerve agent; it
can cause death within seconds to minutes of
exposure. The mnemonic “DUMBELS” can
help you recall the signs and symptoms of
nerve agent exposure. It stands for Diarrhea;
Urination; Miosis (pinpoint pupils);
Bradycardia and bronchospasm; Emesis
(vomiting); Lacrimation (excessive tearing);
and Salivation, seizures, and sweating.
Review (1 of 2)
8. Pinpoint pupils, vomiting, bradycardia, and
excessive salivation are signs of exposure
to:
A. lewisite.
Rationale: Lewisite produces blister wounds
similar to mustard gas.
B. soman.
Rationale: Correct answer
Review (2 of 2)
8. Pinpoint pupils, vomiting, bradycardia, and
excessive salivation are signs of exposure
to:
C. cyanide.
Rationale: Cyanide causes tachycardia,
tachypnea, and flushed skin.
D. phosgene.
Rationale: Phosgene causes nausea, chest
tightness, severe cough, and dyspnea upon
exertion.
Review
9. You respond to a plastic factory, where
numerous people present with shortness of
breath, flushed skin, and altered mental status.
One of the patients tells you he smelled almonds
before he started feeling sick. These people
were MOST likely exposed to:
A. sarin.
B. bleach.
C. cyanide.
D. chlorine.
Review
Answer: C
Rationale: Cyanide is a colorless gas that
has the odor of almonds. It is produced in
many different industries in the United States
such as plastic processing, gold and silver
mines, and photography studios. You should
suspect a chemical exposure whenever
multiple patients present with the same or
similar symptoms.
Review (1 of 2)
9. You respond to a plastic factory, where numerous people present with shortness of breath,
flushed skin, and altered mental status. One of
the patients tells you he smelled almonds
before he started feeling sick. These people
were MOST likely exposed to:
A. sarin.
Rationale: Sarin is colorless and odorless.
B. bleach.
Rationale: Bleach will not smell like almonds.
Review (2 of 2)
9. You respond to a plastic factory, where numerous people present with shortness of breath,
flushed skin, and altered mental status. One of
the patients tells you he smelled almonds
before he started feeling sick. These people
were MOST likely exposed to:
C. cyanide.
Rationale: Correct answer
D. chlorine.
Rationale: Chlorine has a distinct odor of
bleach.
Review
10. Factors that have the GREATEST impact
on the severity of radiation exposure
include:
A. age and overall health.
B. gender and wind speed.
C. the method of dispersal.
D. time, distance, and shielding.
Review
Answer: D
Rationale: The best way to protect yourself from the
effects of radiation is to use time, distance, and
shielding. Radiation has a cumulative effect; the less
time you are exposed, the less the effects will be.
Radiation is also limited in how far it can travel;
depending on the type of radiation, moving only a few
feet may be enough to remove you from immediate
danger. The path of all radiation can be stopped by a
specific object; alpha rays can be stopped by a
newspaper, beta rays by your clothing, and gamma
rays by several feet of concrete.
Review (1 of 2)
10. Factors that have the GREATEST impact
on the severity of radiation exposure
include:
A. age and overall health.
Rationale: Radiation can affect anyone,
regardless of age.
B. gender and wind speed.
Rationale: Males and females will
experience the same effects.
Review (2 of 2)
10. Factors that have the GREATEST impact
on the severity of radiation exposure
include:
C. the method of dispersal.
Rationale: The type of radiation—alpha,
beta, or gamma—has the greatest impact on
the human body.
D. time, distance, and shielding.
Rationale: Correct answer