Decreased Cardiac Output
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Transcript Decreased Cardiac Output
Decreased Cardiac Output
Medical Surgical Nursing II
Spring
Charnelle Lee
Decreased Cardiac Output
In the patient with coronary artery disease this
problem will present in many different ways.
Your cardiac patient may look fine and sustain great
injury to their myocardium.
Your cardiac patient may present in shock and sustain
great injury to the myocardium.
The wonderful thing about CAD it is one of the most
exciting to treat, because in most cases we can
promote positive outcomes.
The Heart
The Heart is a magnificent pump that perfuses the
tissues of our bodies with five liters of blood per
minute. It survives many insults throughout our life
span and has as its goal the maintenance of tissue
perfusion. Its functioning depends on :
Synchronous chamber movement
Electrical conduction
Muscle strength
Alterations in heart muscle perfusion
Occur with Coronary Artery disease.
Decreased perfusion related to plaque buildup
Decreased perfusion related to completed
obstruction from a clot that forms on the irregular
edges of the plaque buildup begins the cycle of
altered cardiac output. The two processes we need to
discuss and compare are ischemia and infarction.
Alterations in Coronary Perfusion
Ischemia
Infarction
Decrease in blood flow
with decrease in tissue
oxygenation and
nutrition
Cellular death which
results in wall damage,
long term scar tissue
formation
Cells can be saved.
With restoration of
perfusion
Cells in this state are
not usable anymore
Ischemia and Infarction
Depending on the degree
of occlusion a patient will
experience either
ischemia or infarction.
Many patients experience
degrees of both.
If a patient has a small
amount of blockage,
there may be no
symptoms or symptoms
that can be attributed to
many other causes
Ischemia and Infarction
The goal is to prevent
infarction as soon as
possible.
The patient who receives
treatment before an
acute obstruction with
cardiac interventional
therapies will save the
cardiac muscle from
impairment
The patient who comes in
as soon as symptoms of
infarction occur with
reperfusion therapies
heart muscle can be
saved with decreased
dysfunctional health
outcomes.
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Stable Angina- fixed lesions of more
than 75% of the CA lumen
Predictable
Caused by similar precipitating factors relative to
time, activity
Patient’s describe it as my usual chest pain
Pain control achieved by
Rest
Sublingual nitroglycerin within five minutes
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Unstable Angina Change from the usual
angina symptoms
Medical Emergency
Signaled by a change in
the level or frequency of
s/s
Persists for > 5minutes
One nitroglycerin does
not help the pain
Action needed – Call 911
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Angina/ MI and the EKG
MI
Injury pattern
ST elevation in
continguous leads
ST depression in leads
opposite injury
Angina
Ischemic
No change
T wave inversion
ST depression
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Cardiac Equivalents
Shortness of breath
Nausea
Sweating
Fatigue
Lightheadedness
Arm Heaviness
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Treatment of the MI versus angina
Assessment
EKG within ten minutes of
presentation
Apply oxygen
Apply EKG, ABP, Saturation
IV therapy
Draw Labs
Evaluate findings
Start Treating the pain
Normal EKG
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Cardiac Biomarkers
CPK-MB
Troponin I
Troponin II
Will be elevated
Rapid rise and fall in those treated with
PCI/Thrombolytics
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12 Lead EKG – Tool of great importance
Identifies area of infarction
Inferior Wall
Anterior Wall
Lateral Wall
Posterior Wall
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Physical Assessment – Rapid focused
Note cardiac monitor rhythm
Vital signs
Skin color
Rapid check of radial pulses
Mentation
Overall tissue perfusion
Quick auscultation of apical pulse, heart sounds, and
lungs
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Acute Pain – Nursing Focus
Goal – relief of chest pain as fast as possible
Assess
Intensity – scale of 0-10
Ask about chest discomfort instead of labeling pain
Characteristics – continuous, intermittent, change with
position, or reproducible with pressure on sternum
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MONA
Simple pneumonic to remember for treatment of the
cardiac patient
Morphine
Oxygen
Nitro
Aspirin
Not necessarily in that order though
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Administer Medications – Assess
patient response
Oxygen should already be on
Establish a peripheral line for rapid Fluid Bolus
Given NTG sl per order assess response
Pain – is it better or decreased
Take vitals
Note EKG – are the ST changes improved
Hang nitroglycerin drip – titrate to patient chest pain
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Nitroglycerin Drip Correction on this
slide
Glass Bottle
Pre-mix (100mg in 500 ml)
Administered in mcg/min
Start rate usually about 4.5cc/hour or 15 ug/min
Titrate up by 3 ug/min every 5 minutes
If the drip is increased to 12 cc – how many mcg is the
patient receiving
Reassess patient after each rate increase
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Controlling Nitro induced side effects
Hypotension – Take b/p twice over a 3 minute period.
Notify physician
Administer fluid bolus
Reassess patient
Put HOB down lower if tolerated
Headache – tylenol may be needed
Don’t let the headache get bad before you given
analgesic
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Nitro not given if
Systolic is less than 90 mm/hg
Viagra has been taken
Put reason for this here
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Morphine
Dose range 2 – 4 mg IVP q 5 minutes till pain relieved
Assess vitals and pain level after dose
Anticipate nausea – have emesis basin close by
Ask physician for anti-emetic of choice to have
available
PHENERGAN/ZOFRAN/BENADYRL IN SOME CASES
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Pain relieved or decreased
Decreased give another dose of morphine
Dose may be the lower of the two choices if b/p is
close to 90 systolic
Decrease Pain – Save cardiac muscle
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Anxiety
Maintain calm
Display competence
Answer questions simply –
Medicate with ativan prn if ordered
Family presence sometimes helps relieve patient
anxiety
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Educate
In critical care or ER this intervention is not really
workable
Patient in acute throes of unstable angina or MI won’t
learn until things have settled down and patient has
been stable for 24 hours or so.
Most important thing in this time period is short brief
explanation of treatments being performed
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Acute MI no Cardiac Cath Lab AKA as
small Rural hospital treatment option
Patient comes in with acute chest pain, EKG changes
– Thromblytics are the treatment choice
What will the EKG Display in this patient who is having
an acute MI? ST elevation or ST depression
Explain your answer
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The patient is having an MI
Team effort
Patient is on oxygen, cardiac monitor, b/p monitor
Nurse starts 3 large bore IV’s If possible
Lab draws are wrapped with pressure dressing
Nurse assesses onset of pain till time patient presents
to the door
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Physician performs a rapid cardiac
assessment and physical
Physician must assess the patient rapidly
Nurse’s obtain the Packet and perform a subjective
assessment for contraindications
Patient and family are informed of potential risks and
benefits
Permit is signed.
Patient must have had labs drawn which include a
cardiac panel, coags, chest x-ray
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Why do we do a CXR?
Is it diagnostic of an acute MI?
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Normal CXR/Thoracic Aortic
Aneurysym
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More about thrombolytics
They are administered in an ER or critical care unit
They dissolve clots anywhere they are located
Example – Retavase given for an IWMI – patient
reperfused, 24 hours later had a huge bleed into his
shoulder, and then a cerebral bleed. Did not die from
the MI, died from the complications of the
thrombolytic
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Assessments to perform to assess for
abnormal bleeding
Neuro check
Pupils
Hand grip strength/foot pushes
Mentation
Cranial nerve check
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Bleeding Symptoms
Monitor for signs of hypovolemia
Monitor hematocrit/hemoglobin
Really watch the biceps muscle under the automatic
blood pressure cuff, notorious for developing
hematomas under these
Prevention – when b/p stable reduce frequency of the
blood pressure checks
If bruising, increased pain occurs take manual
pressures
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Did the Thrombolytic Work?
Chest pain/pressure should subside
ST elevation should decrease
Most common sign is ventricular reperfusion
dysrhythmias
Let them happen- most of the time are self limiting
If they cause hemodynamic problems treat- otherwise
just be scared but don’t show it
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When do reperfusion dysrhythmias
occur?
Usually within one to two hours of administration of
the thrombolytic --- Does a thrombolytic always work?
Nope – patient will complete their MI
These patients experience much more post MI problems
such as CHF, angina, cardiac failure
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Reperfusion Dysrhythmias
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After the thrombolytic you hang
Heparin?
Does that make sense to you?
Why or Why Not?
Explain the rationale for hanging heparin on a patient
who just received a thrombolytic?
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Basic review of heparin
Weight based dosing – drug calculations on heparin
will be on this test (just a couple)
Labs to monitor PT/PTT – (q6 to 8 hours)
Adjust to parameters on orders
Usual goal is to keep the Ptt (65-80)
Heparin is a dedicated line, try not to give any other
meds through this line unless you have checked
compatibility, most don’t mix.
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