Transcript Ch. 1 Notes
Learning Terminology 1 Objectives After studying this chapter, you will be able to : •Explain how medical terms are developed. •Describe the process of pluralizing terms. •Describe how to interpret pronunciation marks. •List basic legal and ethical issues for health-related professionals. •Describe how medical documentation is compiled. 2 Objectives After studying this chapter, you will be able to: •Define the four word parts used to build medical terms. •Define common medical combining forms. •Define common medical prefixes. •Define common medical suffixes. •Describe how word parts are put together to form words. 3 Language of Medicine •Dates to the time when people had only spoken language and no written language •Medical terminology began to gain uniformity as a result of the works of Hippocrates 4 Hippocratic Oath Forms the basic ethical standards of modern medicine with regards to: •Abstaining from voluntary acts of mischief & corruption •Keeping confidences •Doing no harm 5 Hippocratic Oath Part 2 •Some aspects are still debated today such as: Euthanasia Abortion 6 Derivation of Medical Terminology •The study of the origin of words is called etymology. •Many medical terms used today are based on Ancient Greek and Latin. •Word building became and remains the primary way to describe new medical discoveries. 7 Derivation of Medical Terminology Part 2 Word knowledge was primarily passed on through only verbal communication which resulted in words being pronounced very differently. The word heart is derived from Old English heorte which comes from a word related to Greek kardia which means heart. 8 Medical Terms • Medical terms are like jigsaw puzzles. • They are constructed of small pieces that make each word unique; Pieces can be used in different combinations in other words 9 Word Analysis Words are divided into the following components: • Root: foundation of the term • Ex: subgastric – gastr is the root meaning stomach • Suffix: word ending • Ex: subgastric – ic means pertaining to • Prefix: word beginning • Ex: subgastric – sub means under 10 Reading Medical Terms • To define medical terms based on word parts, read the meaning of medical terms from the suffix back to the beginning of the term and then across – Ex: hematology: logy means the study of; hemat/o means blood so this word means the study of blood. 11 Medical Word Classifications • You will “decode” words by dividing terms into component parts; You will need to memorize the component parts. • Decodable – Have Greek or Latin components parts that can be analyzed; therefore the word can be deciphered to reveal the meaning – Examples: • Term: Gastr/itis – Analysis: Gastr/ is a word root meaning stomach; -itis is a suffix meaning inflammation – Definition: Inflammation of the stomach 12 Medical Word Classifications • Nondecodable – Can not be divided into component parts; definition of terms must be memorized. – Examples: – 1. Cataract: Progressive opacification of the – lens; Term is derived from the Greek term – meaning waterfall – 2. Asthma: Respiratory disorder characterized by recurring episodes of paroxysmal dyspnea; Term is derived from Greek panting. 13 Medical Word Classifications • Eponyms – Terms named after the person who first identified the condition, described the procedure or devised the object. – Examples: • Alzheimer Disease: A progressive mental deterioration, named after a German neurologist, Alois Alzheimer • Cesarean Section: The removal of the infant from the uterus by incising the uterine wall, named after the manner in which Julius 14 Caesar was supposedly born. Medical Word Classifications • Abbreviations – Terms that have been shortened to a number of letters – Examples: – 1. CAD: Coronary Artery Disease – 2. CABG: Acronym for coronary artery bypass graft. 15 Medical Word Classifications • Symbols – Graphic representatio ns called symbols used in health care terminology – Examples: • Increase: ↑ • Decrease: ↓ 16 Word Root Building Medical Terms Prefix Suffix Combining forms 17 Forming Medical Terms Medical Term Word root Prefix Suffix Combining forms 18 Forming Medical Terms Part 2 Medical terms are formed from two or more Suffix word parts. Prefix Root •Word parts •The main part of a word which contains the basic meaning. attached to the beginning of a word that modifies the meaning. •Word parts attached to the end of a word that modifies the meaning. 19 Combining Vowel Vowel (usually O) that links the root to the suffix or the root to another root Combining Form The word root and a combining vowel that enable two parts to be connected. Ex: hematology- hemat is the root meaning blood; O is the combining vowel; logy is the suffix meaning the study of 20 Word Roots and Combining Forms [ACANTH(O)] Combining Forms Meaning acanth (o) spiny, thorny actin (o) light aer (o) air; gas athero plaque; fatty substance bacill (i) bacilli; bacteria bar (o) weight; pressure 21 Word Roots and Combining Forms [BLAST(O)] Combining Forms Meaning blasto immature cells carcin(o) cancer chrondro cartilage cry(o) cold crypt(o) hidden cyan(o) blue 22 Word Roots and Combining Forms [CYT(O)] Combining Forms Meaning cyt(o) cell dextr(o) right dips(o) thirst dors(o) back erythr(o) red esthesio sensation, perception23 Word Roots and Combining Combining Forms[GALACT(O)] Meaning Forms galact(o) milk gluco glucose gero old age glyco sugars gyn(o) women home(o) same kin(o) movement 24 Word Roots and Combining CombiningForms Forms [KINESI(O) Meaning kinesi(o) motion lact(o) milk leuk(o) white lith(o) stone mio smaller; less narco sleep; numbness necro death; dying 25 Word Roots and Combining Combining Forms Forms [NOCT(O)] Meaning noct(i) night oncho tumor path(o) disease phago eating phon(o) sound; voice pseud(o) false pyo pus 26 Word Roots and Combining Combining Forms Meaning Forms [PYRO] pyro fever salping(o) tube schiz(o) split; division scler(o) hardening scolio crooked; bent somato body spiro breath; breathe 27 Word Roots and Combining Forms [TEL(O)] Combining Forms Meaning tel(o) distant; end; complete tono tension; pressure tropho food; nutrition xanth(o) yellow xeno stranger Xer(o) dry 28 Prefixes Prefix •Prefixes are attached to the beginning of words. •Modifies the meaning of the word or word root. •Indicates size, quantity, position of, and location. 29 Prefix Prefixes (a–aut) Meaning a without ab away from ambi both, around ana up, toward ante before anti against aut(0) self 30 Prefixes Prefix (brachy–hypo) Meaning brachy short brady slow contra against dys abnormal; difficult hemi half hyper above normal hypo below normal 31 Prefix Meaning Prefixes (inter–peri) inter between iso equal; same mal bad; inadequate meta after micr(o) small olig(o) few; little; scanty peri around; about; near 32 Prefix Meaning Prefixes (pro–un) pro before; forward re again; backward retro behind; backward semi half supra above; over tachy fast un not 33 Suffixes Prefix •Attaches to the end of the word and carries the underlying meaning of the word. •Suffixes can also be combining forms. 34 Suffix Suffixes (ad–crine) Meaning -ad toward -algia pain -asthenia weakness -blast immature; forming -cidal destroying; killing -clast breaking -crine secreting 35 Suffix Suffixes (crit–ectomy) Meaning -crit separate -cyte cell -cytosis condition of cells -derma skin -dynia pain -ectasis expanding; dilating -ectomy removal of 36 SuffixSuffixes (emesis–graphy) Meaning -emesis vomiting -emia blood -esthesia sensation -globin protein -gram a recording -graph recording instrument -graphy process of recording 37 Suffix -ic Suffixes (ic–malacia) Meaning pertaining to -ism condition; disease -itis inflammation -kinesia movement -logist one who practices -lysis destruction of -malacia softening 38 Suffix Suffixes (mania-pathy) Meaning -mania obsession -megaly enlargement -oid like; resembling -opia vision -ostomy opening -para bearing -pathy disease 39 Suffix Suffixes (penia-phrenia) Meaning -penia deficiency -pepsia digestion -pexy fixation -phage eating; devouring -phobia fear -phonia sound -phrenia of the mind 40 SuffixSuffixes (phylaxis-rrhaphy) Meaning -phylaxis protection -plasty surgical repair -plegia paralysis -pnea breath -ptosis falling down; drooping -rrhagia heavy discharge -rrhaphy surgical suturing 41 Suffix Suffixes (rrhexis-tropia) Meaning -rrhexis rupture -spasm contraction -stasis stopping; constant -stenosis narrowing -tomy cutting operation -trophy nutrition -tropia turning 42 Apply Your Knowledge Using various word parts, build terms for the following meanings. Meaning Term •Absence of blood anemia •Bluish color of hands and feet cyanosis •Equal vision in both eyes. isopia •Fast heart. tachycardia •Breakdown of sugar. glycolysis 43 Apply Your Knowledge Part 2 Using various word parts, build terms for the following meanings. Meaning Term •Lack of white blood cells. leukopenia •Softening of bone. osteomalacia •Inflammation of a vein. phlebitis •Nerve pain. neuralgia •Science of skin and its diseases. dermatology 44 Pluralizing Terms Rules •Add s to words ending in any vowel or consonant except s,x,z, or y (ex. jointjoints) •Add es to words ending in s,x, or z (ex. reflex - reflexes) 45 Pluralizing Terms Part 2 Rules Cont’d •Remove x and add `ces to Latin words ending in x (ex. appendix - appendices) •Remove the `y and add `ies to words ending in `y preceded by a consonant (ex. mastectomymastectomies) 46 Pluralizing Terms Part 3 Rules Cont’d •When an ending `y is preceded by a vowel, the usual plural suffix is `s (ex. boy - boys) •Add `e to Latin terms ending in a (ex. lamina laminae) 47 Pluralizing Terms Part 4 Rules Cont’d •Remove `us and add `i to Latin words ending in us (ex. bacillus- bacilli) •Change `sis to `ses in Greek words ending in sis (ex. psychosis - psychoses) 48 Pluralizing Terms Part 5 Rules Cont’d •Remove `on from and add `a to Greek words ending in `on (ex. criterion - criteria) •Remove `um from and add `a to Latin words ending in um (ex. diverticulum diverticula) 49 Pluralizing Rules Latin Greek Singular Plural Singular Plural •fossa fossae •neurosis neuroses •datum data •ganglion ganglia •radix radices •calyx calyces 50 Spelling & Pronunciation of Medical Terms Misspellings and mispronunciations in a medical setting can result in life threatening situations “The patient was to have a cholectomy NOT a colectomy!!” 51 Spelling & Pronunciation of Medical Terms 2 each Pronouncing a word outPart loud time you see the pronounciation will help familiarize you with the sound of the word. reflex RE-fleks anemia a-NE-me-a typhoid TI-foyd Long and short vowels are a guide to help you pronounce words. 52 Legal and EthicalAssociation’s Issues The American Hospital Patient’s Bill of Rights gives guidelines which provide a clear, ethical standard for patient’s rights. •Right to refuse care •Right to considerate and respectful •Right to privacy •Right to be informed care. 53 Using MedicalisTerminology Medical Terminology instrumental in both verbal and written communication. Documentation of health care services must be complete for both ethical and legal reasons. 54 Medical MedicalRecords Records Formats for medical records depend on: •State law •Coding and billing practices •Institution’s responsibilities •Configuration of its computer systems 55 Records MedicalMedical Records SOAP format SOAP Format •S- subjective •O- objective •A- assessment •P- plan 56 Medical Records Chronological Chronological Format Format • Interactions are listed in chronological order. •Earliest date is at the top of the patient record 57 Your Knowledge Which Apply of the following statements is correct regarding the derivation of medical terms? A. The change in medical terms has been drastic over the years. B. The change in medical terms has not been drastic over the years. Answer B. 58 Apply Part 2 Make eachYour of theKnowledge following terms plural. staphylococcus staphylococci vasectomy vasectomies paraplegic paraplegics appendix appendices 59 Case Study Case Study After obtaining the ordered laboratory specimens from a patient, Jamie(a laboratory technician) prepares to leave the patient’s room when a visitor asks “Does she really need to take all those medications the nurse left in here?” How should Jamie handle this question and why? Answer: Remembering patient’s rights to confidentiality and the scope of his training as a laboratory technician, Jamie should request that the visitor speak with the nurse and or physician. 60