Transcript Unconscious Revealed? - Adrian Scott Counsellor Supervisor

Introduction to the
Unconscious
• Friday 28th October 2012
• 10.30 - 4.30pm
• PC414
Administration
• The Building
• Feedback Forms
Adrian Scott
• MSc Senior MBACP Accredited
• www.counsellingme.co.uk
• 07956 292 740
• [email protected]
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• www.counsellingme.co.uk
• 07956 292 740
• [email protected]
My Experience
• MBACP Senior Accredited Counsellor
• MBACP Senior Accredited Supervisor for
Individuals and Groups
• Managed Counselling services in Voluntary
Sector
www.phasca.com
• Bereaved, Homeless, Mental health, Carers
My Experience
• Diploma in Psychodynamic Counselling 1995
• Highgate Counselling Centre
• BACP Accred Snr. Counsellor / Supervisor
counsellingme.co.uk
Expert
• Not a guru or unconscious expert
• Do not know everything
• Ideas to be Debated / Challenged
Other City Literary
Courses
• Introduction to Psychodynamic Counselling
• Working with Bereavement
• Living through Bereavement
Morning Session
• 10.40
• 10.55
Introduction
Icebreaker Exercise
• 11.40
Break
• 12.00
• 1pm
History & Theory of the Unconscious
Lunch
Afternoon Session
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2pm
Unconscious Exercise
2.45pm Break
3pm
History & Theory of the Unconscious
3.30
Case Examples - Video
4.15
Round Up / Administration
4.30
End
Your Experience & Ideas
Examples
Audio Visual
Short clips
The Young Dr Freud – 50mins
Cardiff Primary School – Tavistock Clinic
Organisational Case Study- 40mins
Freud Dream Case Study:
The Wolfman - Radio Adaption 60mins
Critical Analysis of Case of Dora – 25 mins
Learning Outcomes
• An Understanding of some of the History of the
Unconscious
• An Understanding of some of the Theory of the
Unconscious
• An Understanding of some of your own
Unconscious
The Day
• Wide range of skills in the room
• Hope you all get something out of it
• I am not an expert on The Unconscious
• Encourage you to have your own view
Boundaries
• Look after yourselves the Unconscious can
be a difficult and emotive subject
• Do not say anything you do not want to say.
This is not a therapy group!
• Confidentiality Agreement All information should be kept to this room
and with this group of people.
Late Arrivals
• Late arrivals will introduce themselves to the
group at a convenient break in the day
• Agree to confidentiality
• A Tension
Icebreaker Exercise
Ask Your Colleague:
1. What brought you here?
2. What is your interest and experience of the
subject?
3. What do you want from the day?
You will be asked to briefly and concisely to report back what
your colleague has told you to the group, and check with your
colleague how you did!
What do you want
from the Day?
• Are there any Topics, Issues, that you
would like to focus or discuss today?
Write on flip chart
10-15 minute Break
Theory of the Unconscious
Our Relationship to Theory
The Theory
• Tool
• Guide
History Overview
• Ancient cultures
• Magnetism
• Dynamic Psychiatry
• Hypnotism
Theory Overview
• Freud
• How the Unconscious works
• Nervous System
• Dreams Freud’s Dream
• Carl Jung
Introduction to the
Unconscious
• How do I introduce the unconscious?
• Like air – feel but not see?
• Light and shadow?
• Scepticism – it doesn’t exist?
Use of Unconscious
• Can be used by anyone
• A reason to rationalise their own or other
people’s bad behaviour
• To rationalise strange behaviour and events
Everyday Link to
the Unconscious
• Unconscious / Freud
• Freudian slip
• Dreams Free Association
• Childhood
• Marketing / Selling / Business
• Self Development
Meditation
Agreement on what it is?
• As we go about everyday life
• Another force or energy
• Contributes to our decisions
Happy
• If we are happy the Unconscious becomes less
relevant
• If we are unhappy – modern distractions do
not work
• The unconscious can be a way of
understanding upset
Unconscious Revealed?
• 2 people sitting in a room
• Talking Cure?
• No answer – a journey
Unconscious Revealed?
• One person (practitioner) holds onto their
Unconscious
• Empty Space
• Other person’s unconscious revealed
Results of revealing the
Unconscious ? - No Cure?
• Not magically happier
• Able to accept ourselves
• Accept History we experienced
• Not told how we experienced history
Unconscious Unknown
• No one’s unconscious can be known
• Not even our own
• Are we able to reflect on what the
unconscious is at any one time?????
History of the
Unconscious
• Been around since human life began
• Not called Unconscious
• Familiar to ancient cultures
Recording the History of the
Unconscious
• Oral Histories
• Recording scientifically relatively modern
• Recording started around 1770s
Ancient Healers
• Healers in Ancient Cultures worked with
• After life
Dark Side
Spirit World
• The Unconscious (western male construct)
Shaman
• Philosophical Teachings/ Treatments
• Accounts of miracle cures by Shaman
• Little interest from psychiatrists
• Interest only to historians /anthropologists
Medicine Man
• Medicine man seen as superstitious, ignorant
• Dangerous imposters tricking their people
• Modern Psychotherapy focused attention on
psychological healing (evidence based)
Example
Practices
• Drugs, ointments, massage, diet
• Searching for a lost soul
• Extraction of disease / foreign body
• Expulsion of evil spirits
• Oral records lost disappearance of tribal
cultures due to modernisation
Soul
• Link to the unconscious
• Soul is lost - Healer searches for it , brings it
back and puts it into the original body
• Soul separated itself from body when person
fainted, or slept
Dreams / Visions
• In dreams and visions sees shapes different
when he’s awake
• Illustrate theory that a man has a ghost inside
them / soul duplicate person
• Able to leave his body and wonder about
during sleep
Creeping towards Freud
Soul
• Soul might lost its way be injured, or
separated from the body
• When the sleeper is awakened
• Treatment consists of returning the lost soul
to the body
Extraction of
Disease Object
• Extraction of disease actually piece of bone,
pebble, small animal
• Europeans thought this was a fraud
• But part of elaborate ceremony songs magical
gestures
• Played out in front of an audience
• Culminates in a dramatic ending
Held in the Relationship
• Healer’s faith in their own abilities
• Patients’ faith in the healers’ abilities
• Healer must be acknowledged by social group
Shaman & Drama
• Audience
• Theatrical
• Showman
Possession
• Common illness
• Expel spirit mechanically bleeding, beating,
whipping the patient
• Transferring the spirit into another being –
animal
• Driving spirit out with incantations
Exorcism
• Important healing procedure
• Still practiced
• Modern dynamic psychotherapy has evolved
• Performed in a ceremony rites, costumes, music
and dance
• Similar to Western Ceremonial Healings
• Holy shrines – Lourdes etc
Hypnosis and Healing
• Hypnotic states in ancient medicine not used
in healing
• Called Magical healing –
• 1. Disease cured by removed of the cause
• 2. Prevention by magical actions through
talismans
The Healer
• Professional status with chief, priest
• Faith and hope in healer rather than
medications, techniques
• Acquired status with long arduous training
• Partly psychological
• Public and collective procedure
• Patient attended to by family
Rise of Religion
• Catholic Confession performed with priest in
secrecy
• Banned by Protestantism
• Tradition of “Curing Souls” emerged
• Obtain confession of disturbing secret from
distressed souls
Science
• End of 16th Century
• Move from observation and deduction
• To experimentation and measurement
Medicine
• Medicine became a branch science
• Psychiatry a branch of medicine
• Psychotherapy an application of psychiatry
• Becomes skill and specialism
• Excluded ancient medicines - unproven in medical
terms
Emergence of Modern
Dynamic Psychiatry
Derived from ancient medicine –
exorcism, magnetism, hypnotism
Healers and Psychoanalysts both use their
personality as a therapeutic tool
Long personal training including own analysis
Turning Point
Age of Enlightenment
• Originating about 1650 to 1700
• Cultural Movement of intellectuals in 18th century
• Reform society using reason (rather than tradition,
faith and revelation) and advance knowledge through
science.
• Promoted science and intellectual interchange and
opposed superstition intolerance and some abuses by
church and state.
Johan Gassner
1727 -1779
• Austria 1775
• Famous priest well know for exorcisms and
healings
• Times against him - Before Age of Enlightenment
1700
Opposition to his work
Franz Mesmer
1734-1815
• Doctor who invented “animal magnetism”
• Similar to Gassner – no Exorcism
• Made his practice acceptable to authorities
• “Curing the sick is not enough: you must cure
them with methods accepted by the community”
Franz Mesmer
1734-1815
• Rejected mystical theory
• Rational Explanation
• Physical concepts (psychology not invented)
• Links to ancient healers – used his personality
• Ideas rejected – fell into obscurity
Phillipe-Paul Segur
1780-1873
• New Magnetism
Perfect Crisis waking state and amnesia
• Lucidity of patients to self diagnose
• Called Mesmerising
• Magnetism not acknowledged by scientific
authorities
Spiritism
• The survival of a spirit after death
• Automatic writing from a subconscious,
external, spiritual source without conscious
awareness of the content.
• Explore the unconscious
1st Dynamic Psychiatry
1775-1900
• Magnetism and Hypnosis - reveal the
unconscious
• Disease of Hysteria
• New model of the mind conscious – unconscious
Hypnosis
• Concerns about power relationship
• Hypnotiser was male
• Hypontised were attractive and female
• Rel. between Hypnotiser was male
• Hypontised
Hypnosis
• Patient gained a Keen perception
• Patient able to self-diagnose
• Age regression - childhood
• Patient related stories as a child
Hypnosis & Drama
• Audience
• Theatrical
• Showman
Hypnosis
• Video
Hysteria
• Strange incomprehensible disease for 2500
years
• Originated in uterus - later found in men
• Easily provoked by hypnosis - Cured by
hypnosis
Hysteria
• Theory - frustrated sexual desires
• Hallucinations & actions of patient under
hypnosis re-enactment of psychic trauma
• Eg escaping dangerous situation
• Violent sexual events – rape, repressed sexual
desires, secret wishes
Hysteria
• Strange incomprehensible disease for 2500
years
• Originated in uterus - later found in men
• Easily provoked by hypnosis - Cured by
hypnosis
Creeping towards Freud
The Rapport /
Relationship
• Constant throughout History
• Relationship between magnetiser and
magnetised
• Word ‘Rapport’ from physics – people in a chain
with electricity passing through them
• Hypnotiser’s Sensitivity to what was being said
• Patients belief in Hypnotiser
The Rapport /
Relationship
• Big improvement in symptoms under hypnosis
• Patients feelings towards hypnotiser passionate,
maternal love
• Phase where patient had to be detached from
this state
Turning Point
New Threshold
A New World in 1880s
Europe 1880s
• Rise of New Nation States
• Increase in progress, sciences, industry,
commerce
• Stable economy
• Money – do anything, go anywhere – no
passports!
Europe 1880s
• Male domination
• World shaped by men for men – women 2nd
place
• Positive traits - Ambition, Aggressiveness
• Beards, aggressive sports - fashionable
The Others
• In every scientific discovery, political
movement, there are people who are less
well known but without them the subject
would not have been discovered and
recognised
• Jean Charcot Pierre Janet Josef Breuer
Jean Charcot
1825-1893
• Studied neurological diseases in Salpetriere
Asylum in Vienna. Freud studied under him
• 1882 Revitalised Hypnosis’s reputation – clinical
demonstrations to audiences
• Showed medical establishment that psychiatry
could include functional disorders with no
biological explanation
Pierre Janet
1859-1947
• Practiced in Paris
• Period of Depression at 15 years old
• Professor at 22 years old
• Studied hysterical women rediscovered the
work of Segur
Pierre Janet
1859-1947
Three Rules
1. Always examine patient himself
2. Take exact record of what patient said
3. Study patient’s whole life and treatments
Pierre Janet
Under Hypnosis
• Patient played two roles under Hypnosis:-
1. Patient wanted to please hypnotiser
2. Patient had unknown personality returning
to childhood
Pierre Janet
Psychological Automatism
• Natural for ideas to develop into art
• In Doctor/patient rapport he discovered
distortion of the patient’s world
• Hysterical symptoms relate to split parts of
personality, acting autonomously of one
another
Pierre Janet’s Findings
• Subconscious fixed ideas caused by trauma,
replaced by medical symptoms
• Different levels of subconscious ideas
(substitution/association) appear at any time in
patient’s life
• Hysterical crises can be disguised re-enactments
of subconscious fixed ideas
Pierre Janet’s Findings 2
• Emphasised the importance of rapport
• Recognised patient would transfer feelings onto
hypnotiser
• Psychological dependency a good start
• Studied patients’ automatic writing and dreams
• Major Influence: these are ideas are now so
widely known that true origin is unrecognised
Europe 1880s
• Authoritarian - military, law prestigious
• Corporal punishment – indispensable
• Rigid class structure
• Every Bourgeois family had domestic servants
– unsentimental, authoritarian
Europe 1880s
• White mans domination of colonised peoples
unquestioned
• Lot of Lesiure time
• Theatre, actors, hugely popular creating –
• A Theatrical world of public quarrels
and reconciliations
Inventions in the
19th Century
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Babbage -- invented programmable mechanical calculating machine (a computer!) - 1834
Alexander Graham Bell -- invented the telephone - 1876; metal detector - 1881
Louis Braille -- invented the braille system of reading- 1821
Eduard Buchner -- discovered enzymes - 1896
Ernst Chladni -- meteorites - early 1800s
Clapeyron -- discovered entropy - 1834
Pierre and Marie Curie -- discovered radioactivity - 1896 (along with Henri Becquerel)
Doppler -- discovered the Doppler effect - 1842
Darwin -- published "Origin of Species" and gave us the Theory of Evolution - 1859
Edison -- phonograph - 1877; incandescent light bulb - 1880
Faraday -- invented the first electric engine - 1821
Fizeau -- measured the speed of light - 1849
Herschel -- discovered the existence of infrared and of radiant heat - 1800
Joule -- discovered the First Law of Thermodynamics - 1843
Dmitri Mendeleev -- created the periodic table of elements - 1869
Michelson -- discovered a more accurate method for measuring the speed of light - 1879
Ritter -- discovered ultraviolet rays - 1801
Wilhelm Rintgen -- discovered X-rays - 1895
Nikola Tesla -- patented hundreds of inventions in many different countries; many of his inventions were patented ''before'' 1900
Thomas Young -- proposed the theory of light and colours - 1801
Thompson -- discovered electrons - 1896
Explosion of inventions
in Vienna
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Major cottage industry for writers, scholars, cultural historians, art historians, and
museum curators alike. pioneering thinkers, writers, musicians, visual artists,
architects, and philosophers
In literature, Arthur Schnitzler, Hermann Bahr, Peter Altenberg, and Hugo von
Hofmannsthal all added their insights to Impressionistic letters.
Arnold Schoenberg and Alban Berg broke the tonal patterns of Western music; the
painters Oskar Kokoschka and Egon Schiele did much the same for painting, as did
Adolf Loos in architecture, the polymath Karl Kraus in literature, and the young
intellectual Ludwig Wittgenstein in philosophy.
Artists and intellectuals of Vienna 1900 were reacting to the Habsburg façade, to
the pomposity of empire and its dark underbelly of poverty.
Bertha von Suttner devoted herself to the cause of peace and was the first female
recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize; as Alfred Nobel’s secretary for a time, she was
the one to convince the inventor of dynamite to endow the Nobel Prize.
Drama in Vienna
• Audience
• Theatrical
• Showman
Sexual Psychology
• In Vienna
• Sex was Taboo
• Homosexuality banned
• Inappropriate relationships with children
• Sexually deviant behaviour rife
• Idea that Psychological reasons are at the root of
sexual perversions gained ground
Dreams
• If Dreams were• Light – clear thinking
• Darkness – unclear thinking
• Related to parts of the body – flying = lungs
• Traffic in the street = heart,circulation
• Recording dreams – to try and direct the dreams
Exploration of the
Unconscious
• Popular with philosophers and ordinary
people
• Backed up by clinical and experimental
approaches
• Objects in dreams related to experiences in
the past
Arrival of Freud!