Transcript File

APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Human Growth and
Development
Health Science and Technology Education
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Human Growth and Development
 Explore Go
 Genetics (Lessons 1-3) Go
 Prenatal and Neonatal (Lessons 4-6)
 Childhood (Lessons 7-10) Go
 Adolescence (Lessons 11-12) Go
 Adulthood (Lessons 13-16) Go
 Aging and Death (Lessons 17-20) Go
 Reflect Go
Table of Contents
Go
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Explore
 Unit Overview Go
 Activity Go
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Explore – Unit Overview
In this unit, you will:
 Explore the basics of
genetics.
 Examine the four areas of
human growth throughout
the lifespan.
 Learn about the grief
process.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Explore - Activity
You will watch a role-play and participate in a class
discussion.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Genetics
 1. Introduction
 2. Genetics
 3. Quiz
Table of Contents
Go
Go
Go
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 1 – Human Growth and Development
 Human growth and development
is the study of how people
change as they go through life.
 Development is similar for
everyone, but each person
grows and develops at an
individual rate.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 1 – Areas of Development
 Physical development - all the
bodily changes that occur as a
person grows and ages.
 Intellectual development - a
person’s ability to learn
something and then apply this
knowledge to new problems and
experiences.
 Emotional development changes in a person’s ability to
establish a unique identity and
express feelings.
 Social development - learning to
interact with other people.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 1 – Hierarchy of Human Needs
 A psychologist named Abraham
Maslow developed a system of
basic human needs.
 Hierarchy of human needs:
▫ Food, shelter, bodily comfort
▫ Safety, security
▫ To feel loved, have a sense of
belonging
▫ Self-esteem, approval
▫ Desire to live up to one’s potential
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 2 – Genetics
 Genetics is an area of biology
that deals with the passing of
genes from parents to children.
 Genes contain DNA:
▫ DNA consists of 23 pairs of
chromosomes
▫ Each pair is made up of one
chromosome from the mother
and one from the father.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 2 – Genetic Diseases
 Genes can mutate, or break,
and become the basis of
disease.
 Two types of genetic
diseases:
▫ Single-gene
▫ Chromosomal
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 2 – Single Gene Diseases
 A single-gene disease results
from an individual mutant gene.
 This type of mutant gene may
either create an abnormality or
fail to make something that is
necessary.
 Examples:
▫
▫
▫
▫
▫
▫
▫
▫
Table of Contents
Cystic fibrosis
Phenylketonuria
Hemophilia
Albinism
Sickle cell anemia
Red-green color blindness
Tay-Sachs disease
Huntington disease
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 2 – Chromosomal Diseases
 Chromosomal diseases are the
result of chromosomal breakage,
an abnormal chromosome, or a
missing chromosome
 Two categories of chromosomal
diseases are trisomy and
monosomy.
 Examples:
▫ Down syndrome
▫ Klinefelter syndrome
▫ Turner syndrome
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 2 – Genetic Research
 Gene therapy - treatment of
single-cell disease by replacing
the mutant gene.
 Genetic engineering imitation and artificial
manipulation of DNA to create
recombinant DNA.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 3 – Quiz
In this lesson, you will take a quiz on human
growth and development and genetics.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Prenatal and Neonatal
 4. Prenatal
 5. Neonatal
 6. Quiz
Table of Contents
Go
Go
Go
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 4 – Prenatal Development
 Prenatal development lasts
approximately 38 weeks from
conception to birth.
 Three periods of development:
▫ Zygote
▫ Embryo
▫ Fetus
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 4 – Zygote Period
 The zygote is formed at
conception and continues to
develop for the first two weeks.
 The zygote travels from the
fallopian tube to the uterus and
implants itself in the uterine wall.
 After 2 weeks, the placenta
begins to grow and is attaches to
the zygote via the umbilical cord.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 4 – Embryo Period
 The embryo period begins at the
end of the second week and ends
at the end of the eighth week.
 First half of this period:
▫ The ectoderm, mesoderm, and
endoderm layers develop.
▫ The heart begins to pump.
 Second half of this period:
▫ Facial features, arms, legs,
fingers, and toes form.
▫ Can respond to touch.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 4 – Fetus Period
 The fetus period begins in the
ninth week and continues
through birth.
 At the beginning of this period:
▫ Organs, muscles, and the
nervous system organize.
▫ The lungs expand and contract.
▫ The external genitals are
distinguishable.
▫ The fingernails, toenails, tooth
buds, and eyelids develop.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 4 – Fetus Period (continued)
 18 Weeks - Fetal movements
are felt by the mother.
 20 Weeks - The fetus can hear
sounds and react to them.
 24 Weeks - All the brain
neurons are developed.
 25 to 38 Weeks – The fetus has
a chance for survival outside the
womb. This is called the age of
viability.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 4 – Prenatal Health Issues
 Teratogens - environmental
substances that cause damage
during prenatal development
▫
▫
▫
▫
Medications
Drugs, cigarettes, and alcohol
Radiation and pollution
Infectious disease
 Other health issues can include:
▫ The mother’s nutrition and
stress level
▫ Rh blood incompatibility
▫ The mother’s age and previous
pregnancy experiences
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 4 – Medications
 Almost all medications that are
taken by the mother can reach
the embryo or fetus through the
bloodstream.
 Medications can cause:
▫ Low birth weight
▫ Lower intelligence later in life
▫ Death
 Mothers must consult doctors
before taking any medications.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 4 – Illegal Drugs
 Fetuses exposed to illegal drugs
in the womb are at risk of:
▫ Low birth weight
▫ Numerous defects
▫ Death
 If the fetus manages to survive
through birth, the baby is likely
born with a drug addiction.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 4 – Cigarettes
 Cigarette smoking while
pregnant can cause:
▫
▫
▫
▫
Low birth weight
Cancer in childhood
Miscarriage
Death
 Second-hand smoke can also
put children at risk
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 4 – Alcohol
 Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is
a serious effect caused by the
mother consuming alcohol
during pregnancy.
 Children with FAS may have:
▫
▫
▫
▫
▫
Table of Contents
Mental retardation
Poor attention
Hyperactivity,
Facial abnormalities
Slow growth
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 4 – Radiation
 Pregnant women should
avoid exposure to radiation,
including medical X-rays.
 Exposure to radiation can
cause:
▫
▫
▫
▫
Miscarriage
Poor physical growth
Brain damage
Cancer
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 4 – Pollution
 Some environmental
pollution dangers include
mercury, lead, and PCBs.
 Exposure to pollutants can
cause:
▫ Brain damage
▫ Mental retardation
▫ Low birth weight
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 4 – Infectious Disease
 Infectious disease can be difficult
for pregnant mothers to evade.
 Common illnesses such as the
cold and flu are essentially
harmless to the fetus as long as
the mother is well-rested and
continues to get nutrients.
 Serious infectious disease can
cause:
▫ Birth defects
▫ Low birth weight
▫ Miscarriages
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 4 – Non-Teratogen Prenatal Health Issues
 Pregnant women must be
certain to get proper nutrition.
The level of malnutrition of
the mother is directly linked to
brain weight in the child.
 Pregnant women should also
try to remain stress-free.
Anxiety can have harmful
effects on the fetus.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 4 – Non-Teratogen Prenatal Health Issues (continued)
 Rh blood incompatibility
between the mother and fetus
can cause:
▫ Mental retardation
▫ Heart damage
▫ Death
 Blood tests and vaccines are
given to prevent illness or
injury resulting from Rh
incompatibility.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 5 – Neonatal Development
 The first four weeks of life are
called the neonatal, or newborn,
stage.
 In this stage, special attention is
given to:
▫
▫
▫
▫
▫
Table of Contents
Parent-child bonding
Reflexes
Temperament
States of arousal
Sensory capabilities
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 5 – The Apgar Scale
 The Apgar scale rates newborns
in the following areas:
▫
▫
▫
▫
▫
Appearance
Pulse
Grimace
Activity
Respiration
 Apgar scores:
▫ 7 to 10 – Healthiest
▫ 4 and 6 – Need assistance with
breathing or other vital signs
▫ 0 and 3 – Need serious
emergency medical attention
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 5 – Bonding
 Bonding is a parent’s deep
affection and concern for the
newborn.
 Parents and children develop
a special bond that allows
the infant to grow and
develop with confidence.
 Some parents instantly bond,
while other parents bond
over the first few weeks.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 5 – Reflexes
 Reflexes are expected,
automatic responses to
specific stimulants.
 Newborn reflexes include:
▫ Rooting reflex
▫ Sucking reflex
▫ Palmer reflex
 Most of these reflexes should
disappear as the baby grows
and develops.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 5 – Sensory Capabilities
 Touch – most important
sense for newborns
 Taste – prefer sweet over
salty
 Smell – respond to good and
bad smells
 Sound – special interest in
the human voice
 Vision – least developed
sense in a newborn
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 5 – Newborn States of Arousal
 Newborns continually cycle
through five states of arousal:
▫ Regular sleep – deep sleep
with little movement
▫ Irregular sleep – light sleep
with body movement
▫ Drowsiness – waking up or
falling asleep
▫ Quiet alertness – awake and
attentive
▫ Waking activity and crying –
uncoordinated movements and
irregular breathing
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 5 – Neonatal Health Issues
 The transition from the womb
into the world does not occur
smoothly.
 Neonatal health issues
include:
▫ Premature birth
▫ Respiratory issues
▫ Sudden Infant Death
Syndrome
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 5 – Premature Birth
 Premature birth is used to
describe infants that are preterm
or small-for-date.
▫ Preterm babies are born 3
weeks or more before the 38week due date.
▫ Small-for-date babies weigh
less than expected compared to
their length of time in the womb.
 With proper care and special
attention, many premature
babies go on to lead normal,
healthy lives.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 5 – Respiratory Issues
 In respiratory distress syndrome,
a baby’s air sacs collapse, which
makes breathing very strenuous
 Respiratory distress syndrome
can occur in premature or fullterm babies.
 Babies with respiratory distress
syndrome are attached to
respirators until they can breathe
comfortably on their own.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 5 – SIDS
 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
(SIDS) occurs when an infant
dies during sleep.
 Death occurs with no trauma to
the child and no indication from
the child, such as crying, prior to
death.
 No cause, cure, or prevention
has been found for SIDS.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 6 – Quiz
In this lesson, you will take a quiz on prenatal
and neonatal development.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Childhood
 7. Infants and Toddlers
 8. Early Childhood
Go
 9. Middle Childhood
 10. Quiz
Table of Contents
Go
Go
Go
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 7 – Infants and Toddlers
 Infancy generally refers to
the first year of life.
 Toddler refers to the second
year of life.
 During this time, children
continue to progress rapidly
in all areas of development.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 7 – Infants and Toddlers: Physical Development
 Infants:
▫ Establish a day and night sleeping
pattern
▫ Hold up their heads, roll over, and
reach for things
▫ Hearing and depth perception
improve
▫ Crawl and then walk
 Toddlers:
▫ Gain weight and height
▫ Run, jump, and climb
▫ Scribble and stack blocks
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 7 – Infants and Toddlers: Intellectual Development
 Infants:
▫ Imitate facial expressions
▫ Recognize people, places,
and objects
▫ Make sounds that resemble
spoken language
 Toddlers:
▫
▫
▫
▫
Experiment with objects
Play make-believe
Imitate adults
Begin to speak and
communicate
▫ Build a 200-word vocabulary
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 7 – Infants and Toddlers: Emotional Development
 Infants:
▫
▫
▫
▫
Show basic emotions
Anger and fear increase
Develop stranger anxiety
May develop separation anxiety
 Toddlers:
▫ Show empathy
▫ Able to cooperate
▫ Begin to express shame,
embarrassment, and pride
▫ Self-control emerges
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 7 – Infants and Toddlers: Social Development
 Infants:
▫ Begin to smile and laugh
▫ Match emotional facial
expressions of adults
▫ Able to interpret others’
emotions
 Toddlers:
▫ Play with siblings
▫ Show signs of genderstereotypical toy choices
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 7 – Infant Health Issues
 Infants and toddlers should have
a series of immunizations to
prevent several diseases, such
as hepatitis B and polio.
 Children are also susceptible to
accidental injuries, such as
choking, drowning, and
poisoning.
 These fatal situations are often
avoidable when children are
given proper care and watched
closely.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 8 – Early Childhood
 Early childhood generally
occurs between the ages of
2 and 6.
 During this time, children
continue to develop
physically, intellectually,
emotionally, and socially.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 8 – Early Childhood: Physical Development
 Physical growth slows down.
 Motor skills improve, allowing
for greater coordination and
balance.
 A preference for the left or
right hand develops.
 They begin to lose primary
teeth and grow adult teeth.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 8 – Early Childhood: Intellectual Development
 They can see simple
situations from someone
else’s point of view.
 A greater attention span
develops.
 The ability to count up and
down develops along with
the capability to perform
simple addition and
subtraction problems.
 Language and memory skills
improve.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 8 – Early Childhood: Emotional Development
 They tend to shift quickly from
confident to unsure.
 The feeling of frustration
erupts easily due to the
increasing intellectual abilities
that are developing faster than
physical abilities.
 They develop self-esteem and
learn to express their emotions
in acceptable ways.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 8 – Early Childhood: Social Development
 Children in this stage
generally become better
communicators.
 Most children understand
sharing and begin to play
with other children, which is
called cooperative play.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 8 – Early Childhood Health Issues
 Children at this age have a
considerable drop in appetite as
their growth slows down.
 Because they are eating less, it
is particularly important to make
sure that all that they eat is good
for them.
 Children in this stage still need
plenty of adult supervision and
guidance about safety issues.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 9 – Middle Childhood
 Middle childhood generally
occurs between the ages of
6 and 11.
 During this time, children
continue to develop
physically, intellectually,
emotionally, and socially.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 9 – Middle Childhood: Physical Development
 Children can write smaller
and neater.
 Their drawings become more
detailed.
 Motor skills become more
developed, including the
abilities to run, jump, kick,
throw, and catch.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 9 – Middle Childhood: Intellectual Development
 Children in this stage display
great strides in intellectual
growth.
 Their ability to think logically
and understand more
complex ideas develops.
 They can employ strategies
to remember things.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 9 – Middle Childhood: Emotional Development
 Children in this stage of
development become more
independent and responsible
as their confidence grows.
 They may be able to describe
their own personalities and
explain their emotions.
 They also have more selfesteem than younger children.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 9 – Middle Childhood: Social Development
 They understand that people’s
perspectives on issues are
caused by the information that
they have.
 They can view their relationships
with others from a third-party’s
point of view.
 They develop friendships that are
based on trust.
 Their personalities and interests
become more gender
stereotypical.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 9 – Middle Childhood Health Issues
 Nearsightedness
 Ear infections
 Obesity
 Malnutrition
 Bedwetting
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 10 – Quiz
In this lesson, you will take a quiz on childhood
development.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Adolescence
 11. Adolescence
 12. Quiz
Table of Contents
Go
Go
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 11 – Adolescence
 Adolescence generally
occurs between the ages of
11 and 20.
 Most attention is paid to the
first half of this stage of
development.
 Adolescence is a time of
transitioning from childhood
to adulthood in each area of
development.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 11 – Adolescence: Physical Development
 Females:
▫
▫
▫
▫
Gain up to 40 pounds
Grow up to 10 inches
Begin to menstruate
Develop secondary sexual
characteristics
 Males:
▫ Grow much taller and
develop muscle mass
▫ Reproductive organs mature
▫ Develop secondary sexual
characteristics
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 11 – Adolescence: Intellectual Development
 Adolescents develop better
critical thinking skills, which
enable them to interpret and
evaluate information.
 They become idealistic about
the world around them.
However, they may also
become more critical, when
the world does not live up to
their ideals.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 11 – Adolescence: Emotional Development
 Adolescence is a challenging
and confusing time for many
young people. They seek to
establish their identities.
 They are self-conscious and
often influenced by the
thought that everyone is
watching them.
 They are often and easily
embarrassed.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 11 – Adolescence: Social Development
 Adolescents love to socialize
with their friends.
 They each develop their own
sense of morals and values
largely based on what their
parents have taught them.
 They also develop an
awareness and interest in
the opposite sex.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 11 – Adolescent Health Issues
 Feelings of inadequacy are
often displayed in the form of
eating disorders, such as
anorexia nervosa and bulimia.
 Some adolescents turn to
chemical substances for
stress relief, because of peer
pressure, or to escape from
problems.
 Suicide is a leading cause of
death in adolescence.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 12 – Quiz
In this lesson, you will take a quiz on adolescent
development.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Adulthood
 13. Early Adulthood
Go
 14. Middle Adulthood
 15. Late Adulthood
 16. Quiz
Table of Contents
Go
Go
Go
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 13 – Early Adulthood
 Early adulthood generally occurs
between the ages of 20 and 40.
 During this time, adults continue
to develop and change
physically and intellectually.
 They also continue to change
socially and emotionally.
However, at this point in life,
these two areas become difficult
to distinguish.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 13 – Early Adulthood: Physical Development
 Early in this stage:
▫ In prime physical condition
▫ Typically stronger and faster
 Later in this stage:
▫ Body need to be stretched and
warmed up to prevent injury
▫ Metabolism slows down
▫ Decline in vision and hearing
▫ Hair begins to thin and gray
▫ Women may have fertility
problems
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 13 – Early Adulthood: Intellectual Development
 People typically settle in a
career and develop expertise
in that field.
 Creativity tends to increase.
 Later in this stage, people
are better able to manage
many responsibilities at one
time and to balance work
and home life.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 13 – Early Adulthood: Emotional and Social Development
 Adults develop an image of
themselves in relation to the
adult world around them.
 Adults develop values, skills,
and credentials in the
workplace.
 They acquire fulfilling adult
friendships and work contacts.
 They might get married and
have children.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 14 – Middle Adulthood
 Middle adulthood generally
occurs between the ages of 40
and 60.
 They continue to develop and
change physically and
intellectually.
 They also continue to change
socially and emotionally. As in
early adulthood, at this point in
life, these two areas are difficult
to distinguish.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 14 – Middle Adulthood: Physical Development
 People typically experience some
high-frequency hearing loss,
declining vision, and loss of lean
body mass.
 The hair continues to thin and gray
and weight gain occurs. Skin
begins to wrinkle and sag due to
loss of elasticity.
 Disks in the spinal column begin to
collapse, which could result in
shrinking as much as an inch in
height.
 In women, menopause occurs.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 14 – Middle Adulthood: Intellectual Development
 Middle adults experience an
increase in problem-solving
abilities and expertise.
 However, there are
decreases in the ability to:
▫ Remember large quantities
of information
▫ Retrieve information from
memory
▫ Multi-task
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 14 – Middle Adulthood: Emotional and Social Development
 Middle adults become concerned
about the next generation and have a
desire to guide and connect with it.
 Self-acceptance is at its best.
 Some people retire.
 Family relationships change:
▫ Children become independent.
▫ Parents begin to age and need
assistance.
▫ Sibling relationships become more
satisfying.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 15 – Late Adulthood
 Late adulthood generally occurs
between the ages of 60 and 80.
 During this time, adults continue
to develop and change
physically and intellectually.
 They also continue to change
socially and emotionally.
However, at this point in life,
these two areas become difficult
to distinguish.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 15 – Late Adulthood: Physical Development
 The body continues to decline:
▫ Vision and hearing decline.
▫ Senses of taste, smell, and touch
become less sharp.
▫ The immune system ages.
▫ Bone mass continues to diminish.
 Neurons die at a faster rate.
However, the brain compensates
with new synapses.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 15 – Late Adulthood: Intellectual Development
 Late adults continue to experience
a decline in their ability to recall
from their memories.
 Finding the right words and
organizing them into speech
become increasingly challenging
 Although late adulthood includes
the continued decline of some
functions, people in this stage of
life are at their most wise.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 15 – Late Adulthood: Emotional and Social Development
 People at this stage may be
widowed. If they are not widowed,
they are probably more satisfied with
their marriages than in the past.
 Their relationships with siblings
become even stronger.
 They may become grandparents or
great-grandparents.
 Their faith and spirituality may
become more important.
 They also have an increased interest
in politics and are more likely to vote.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 16 – Quiz
In this lesson, you will take a quiz on adult
development.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Aging and Death
 17. Aging
Go
 18. Death and Grief
Go
 19. Mortuary Science
 20. Quiz
Table of Contents
Go
Go
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 17 – Aging
 The study of aging is called
gerontology.
 As people age, their bodies begin
a process of decline in every
major system.
 There are several theories in
regards to the cause of aging.
▫ Decline of cell reproduction
▫ Nutrition, injury, disease, and the
environment
▫ Aging viruses
▫ Free radicals
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 17 – Skeletal System
 As early as age 40, the bone mass
and density begin to diminish.
 People can lose some height as the
cartilage disks between the
vertebrae shrink.
 The shortening of the spinal column
causes a shift in weight, which
alters posture.
 Range of motion and flexibility
decrease as joints lose water and
start to fuse and ligaments and
tendons harden.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 17 – Muscular System
 Atrophy is the wasting away
of tissue.
 Regular exercise can do
much to counteract the
affects of aging on the
muscular system.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 17 – Cardiovascular System
 Fibrous tissue begins to replace
the muscle tissue of the heart. As
a result:
▫ The heart becomes less adept at
contracting and expanding.
▫ The valves become thicker,
making it more difficult to fully
close.
 In general the heart becomes far
less efficient at pumping blood.
Therefore, the output of the heart
decreases.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 17 – Nervous System
 The cerebral cortex portion of
the brain slowly decreases in
size, which causes impaired
thinking, reasoning, and
remembering.
 Neurons die at an increased
rate and those that remain are
degenerating, which results in:
▫ Slower nerve conduction
▫ Slower reaction times
▫ Decreases in motor and
sensory abilities
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 17 – Integumentary System
 Glands produce less lubrication to
the skin’s surface, leaving the skin
dry and fragile.
 Skin loses elasticity due to the
shrinking of elastin fibers.
 The loss of subcutaneous fat
produces sagging, wrinkles, and
lines.
 The skin becomes more sensitive
to UV rays from the sun.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 17 – Reproductive System
 Sexual dysfunction could appear
in the form of function, pleasure,
and desire.
 Females:
▫ Menopause
▫ Decrease of estrogen and
progesterone
▫ Androgen continues to be
produced
 Males:
▫ Decrease of testosterone
▫ Decrease of sperm count
▫ Difficulty maintaining an erection
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 17 – Urinary System
 The kidneys shrink.
 A decrease in blood flow to the
kidneys diminishes its ability to
cleanse the blood stream of
waste.
 People may experience a loss of
muscle control in the bladder and
sphincters.
 Problems with glucose control
could lead to hyperglycemia.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 17 – Digestive System
 Peristalsis decreases, which
can cause:
▫ Constipation
▫ Diverticulosis
▫ Difficulty swallowing and
digesting food
 Ability to taste decreases
with age.
 Less saliva is produced, and
gum disease and loss of
teeth can occur.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 17 – Endocrine System
 Both men and women
experience a decline in adrenal
gland production.
 Women also experience a
reduction of estrogen and
progesterone.
 For men, the prostate gland
becomes larger while the
production of testosterone from
the testes diminishes.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 17 – Immune System
 The immune system becomes
weaker, which leaves the
elderly vulnerable to infectious
diseases.
 Because of their weakened
immune systems, the elderly
are encouraged to get flu
vaccinations prior to flu season.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 17 – Respiratory System
 The exchange of oxygen and
carbon dioxide decreases.
 As a result:
▫ Irregular activity quickly
leaves the elderly breathless.
▫ The elderly are at much
greater risk of respiratory
disease.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 18 – The Terminally Ill Patient
 The final stage of growth is death.
 For some people, life ends
abruptly and unexpectedly. But for
others, they are diagnosed with a
terminal illness.
 A terminal illness is an incurable
disease that results in death.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 18 – Stages of Grief
 Dr. Elizabeth Kubler-Ross has
established five stages of
grieving.
 Many terminally ill patients and
their family members experience
these stages of grief as they cope
with a terminal illness.
 People may not experience all
the stages, they may experience
them out of order, or they may
cycle through them or some of
them several times.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 18 – Denial
 Denial is often the immediate
reaction to being told of a terminal
illness.
 A person in denial will reject the
idea that they are dying, or insist
that the doctor has made a mistake.
 Health care workers who deal with
terminally ill patients who are in
denial should allow the patient to
speak and provide comfort without
confirming or denying the situation.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 18 – Anger
 Anger often follows denial,
specifically when the patient is
no longer able to deny the truth.
 Patients can become hostile
and direct it towards anyone
with whom they come in
contact.
 Health care workers must
provide support and
understanding during this time.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 18 – Bargaining
 Once patients accept death, they
often desire more time to live.
 The will to live is strong and they
set goals for themselves that they
want to meet.
 To achieve these goals, many
patients turn to religion and make
bargains or promises in hopes of
having more time to live.
 Health care workers should be
sensitive and attentive to patients in
this stage.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 18 – Depression
 Depression can occur when a
patient realizes that death is
imminent.
 Depression can take the form
of quiet withdrawal, spoken
regrets, or great sadness.
 Health care workers should be
particularly sensitive during this
time and allow patients to
express their grief.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 18 – Acceptance
 The final stage of grief is
acceptance. During this stage,
patients accept the fact that they
are going to die.
 They may spend the rest of their
days settling unfinished business
and helping family and friends
cope.
 Health care workers should be
sure to continue to provide
emotional support and gentle
touches of reassurance.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 19 – Mortuary Science
 After people die, their bodies
must be cared for in a
specific, scientific manner.
 Mortuary science is the
scientific care of the body
and the emotional and
ceremonial needs of the
remaining family members.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 19 – Funeral Directors
 Funeral directors run
funeral homes.
 Funeral directors perform
many jobs, such as:
▫ Mortician and undertaker
▫ Funeral planner
▫ Director of activities at a
funeral home
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 20 – Quiz
In this lesson, you will take a quiz on aging,
death, and grief.
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Reflect
 According to Maslow, what are the needs of humans? As a
health care worker, how can you help to ensure that a
patient’s needs are being met?
 You are preparing a patient for an examination. How might
you approach the patient differently based on the patient’s
age? How would your expectations differ?
 What is the grief process? How would you respond to a
patient experiencing each stage of grief?
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Reflect – Key Questions
 What do developmental tasks and health issues
of life stages tell us about overall human growth
and development?
 As a health care worker, why is it important to
understand the stages of grief?
Table of Contents