Transcript Functions of the Digestive System

2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of
the digestive system
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2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of
the digestive system
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Gastric juices
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Enteroendocrine glands
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secretes gastrin, which stimulates cells to produce
hydrochloric acid (HCL) and pepsinogen.
Parietal cells
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produce HCL, which converts pepsinogen into pepsin
and destroys bacteria and microorganisms that enter
the stomach.
Body’s natural sterilizer
Produces intrinsic factor which is essential for B12
absorption
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the digestive system
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Gastric juices
 Chief type cells
–Produce Pepsinogen which converts to pepsin
–Pepsin breaks down protein into smaller pieces called
protease and peptone
 Mucus cells
–Secrete alkaline mucus which helps neutralize the
effects of HCL acid and other digestive juices
 Rennin
 found in infants and children, not in adults
 Prepares milk proteins for digestion by other
enzymes
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of the digestive system
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Processes of digestion
and their relevance to health
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Chemical – Change food by digestive
juices into the end products of fat,
carbohydrates, and protein
Physical – break food into smaller
pieces
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Processes of digestion
and their relevance to health
• Absorption – nutrients enter the blood
capillaries of the small intestine for use
in the body
• Elimination – waste products of
digestion
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Fecal transplant
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Allows the bacteria from the
healthy stool to repopulate
the gut of the patient who has
lost healthy bacteria in their
gut
Used to treat Clostridium
difficile that grows in
human intestines
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Symptoms range from
persistent diarrhea to lifethreatening inflammation of
the colon to death
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the digestive system
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Humor
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What can healthcare
professionals learn from
observing stool
specimens?
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On average, how
much flatus does a
person produce per
day? 1-3 pts/day
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Act of Digestion
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Ingestion
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Mastication
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Digestion
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Secretion
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Absorption
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Excretion
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the digestive system
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Digestive System Disorders
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Anorexia
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Decreased or
poor appetite
Anorexia nervosa
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refusal to eat not because
of lose of appetite
Psychiatric disorder
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Symptoms
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Distorted body image
Fear of wgt gain
Amenorrhea
Wgt loss of 25% of original
body wgt
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the digestive system
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Caries
Decay of tooth or bone
 The acids in plaque damage the enamel covering
your teeth, and create holes in the tooth
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If symptoms occur, they may include:
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Tooth pain or achy feeling
Visible pits or holes in the teeth
Prevention- use of flouride , brushing and flossing
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of
the digestive system
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Cleft palate
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a fissure or opening—a gap
in the palate =may be either
soft, hard or both
can be successfully treated
with surgery
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the digestive system
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Gallstones
Can block the bile duct
causing pain in back
between the shoulder
blades and digestive
disorders, can cause
jaundice
Small ones may pass
on their own, large ones
surgically removed
Surgical removal of
gallbladder =
Cholecystectomy
Cholecystitis: Inflammation of
gallbladder.
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Inflammation of mucous
membrane lining of
stomach and intestine
Common cause = Virus
Symps – diarrhea and
vomiting for 24-36
hours
Complication =
dehydration
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abnormal structure and
function of the liver
Chronic progressive disease
of the liver
Normal tissue replaced by
fibrous connective tissue
75% caused by excessive
alcohol consumption
causes of cirrhosis
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chemicals (such as alcohol, fat, and certain
medications)
viruses, toxic metals (such as iron and
copper that accumulate in the liver as a
result of genetic diseases)
autoimmune liver disease in which the
body's immune system attacks the liver.
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Treatment of cirrhosis
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preventing further damage to the liver
treating the complications of cirrhosis
preventing liver cancer or detecting it early
liver transplantation.
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Constipation
When defecation delayed,
feces becomes dry and
hard
RX –diet with cereals,
fruits, vegetables,
(roughage) drinking plenty
of fluids, exercise, and
avoiding tension
Causes of Constipation
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not getting enough fiber/water in the body
A disruption of regular diet or routine; traveling
Inadequate activity or exercise or immobility
Eating large amounts of dairy products
Stress
Obstipation:
a condition of extreme and persistent constipation
caused by obstruction in the intestinal system
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Diarrhea
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Loose, watery, frequent
bowel movements that pass
along colon too rapidly
Caused by infection, poor
diet, nervousness, toxic
substances or irritants in
food.
Can cause dehydration
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
(GERD)
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Disorder that affects
the sphincter muscle
connecting the
esophagus with the
stomach
The sphincter is
weak or relaxes
inappropriately
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Hepatitis
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Acute
Chronic
A, B, C, D, E
common symptoms:
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Fever
Nausea
Anorexia
jaundice
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Infectious hepatitis
Cause – virus
Spread through
contaminated food
or H2O
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Serum Hepatitis
Caused by virus found
in blood
Transmitted by blood
transfusion or being
stuck with contaminated
needles (drug addicts)
Health care workers at
risk and should be
vaccinated
Use standard
precautions for
prevention
Irritable bowel syndrome
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a symptom-based diagnosis characterized by chronic
abdominal pain, discomfort, bloating, and alteration of
bowel habits
no known organic cause
Treatments: attempt to relieve symptoms, including
dietary adjustments, medication and psychological
interventions
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Sore or lesion that forms in the
mucosal lining of the stomach
Cause – H. pylori (bacteria) is
primary cause
Lifestyle factors: cigarette
smoking, alcohol, stress, drugs.
Sym. – burning pain, may be
relieved by eating or taking
antacids.
Diagnosis – x-ray, presence of
bacteria
Rx – H2 blockers ( drugs) that
block release of histamine
Peptic ulcers
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Gastric and duodenal
ulcers
Normally recurs in 50
to 80% of cases
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Relevance of nutrition to the
digestive system
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Healthy dietary habits help
maintain homeostasis of
body systems
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Vitamins
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Fat Soluble- can be stored by the body
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A
D
E
K
Water soluable - can’t be stored, excess
excreted by body
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B
C
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