Transcript Medicine and Drugs

Medicine and Drugs
Chapter 23
The Role of Medicines
Vocabulary:
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Medicines: drugs that are used to treat or
prevent disease or other conditions.
Drugs: substances other than food that
change the structure or function of the body
or mind.
REMEMBER, All medicines are drugs, but not
all drugs are medicines
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Vaccine: a preparation introduced into the
body to stimulate an immune response.
Analgesics: pain relievers.
Vocabulary
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Pathogens: infectious agents that cause
disease, and stimulate the immune system
Immune System: the bodily system that
protects the body from foreign substances
Antibodies: produced by the immune
system in response to the presence of a
foreign substance, or a pathogen .
Antitoxins: extracts of blood fluids contain
antibodies, act more quickly than vaccines
The Role of Medicines
Vocabulary:
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Side effect: reactions to medicine other than
the one intended.
Additive Interaction: medicines work
together in a positive way.
Synergistic Effect: an interaction of two or
more medicines that result in a greater effect
than when the medicines are taken alone.
Antagonistic Interaction: the effect of one
medicine is canceled or reduced when taken
with another medicine.
Classifications of Medicines
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Four broad categories:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Help prevent disease.
Fight pathogens, or infectious agents that
cause disease.
Relieve pain.
Help maintain or restore health and
regulate the body’s systems.
Medicines That Prevent/Fight
(pathogens)Disease
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Vaccines. These contain weakened or
dead pathogens that stimulate your
body to produce specific antibodies
against those pathogens. Once the
antibodies are produced your body has
long-lasting protection from those
pathogens.
Antitoxins. These are produced by
inoculating an animals immune system
to produce certain antibodies. When
these are put into humans it neutralizes
the effect of toxins.
Pathogen
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Pathogen: An agent of disease. A disease producer.
The term pathogen most commonly is used to refer
to infectious organisms. These include bacteria (such
as staph), viruses (such as HIV), and fungi (such as
yeast).
Less commonly, pathogen refers to a noninfectious
agent of disease such as a chemical.
The term pathogen was devised about 1880 and was
compounded from patho- meaning disease + -gen
indicating a producer. Hence, a disease producer.
Antibody… the bodies soldiers
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antibody
Definition: (AN-tih-BOD-ee) Plural: antibodies (eez) A type of protein made by certain white blood
cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen).
Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others
make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the
antigen.
Bacteria vs. Viruses
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Viruses are the smallest and simplest life form
known. They are 10 to 100 times smaller than
bacteria.
The biggest difference between viruses and bacteria
is that viruses must have a living host - like a plant or
animal - to multiply, while most bacteria can grow on
non-living surfaces and can multiply by themselves.
Bacteria are intercellular organisms(i.e. they live inbetween cells); whereas viruses are intracellular
organisms (they infiltrate the host cell and live inside
the cell). They change the host cell's genetic material
from its normal function to producing the virus itself.
Bacteria vs. Viruses
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99% of all bacteria are helpful.
but all viruses are harmful.
Antibiotics can kill bacteria but not viruses.
Viruses can't multiply until they are inside the
body's cells. This is the reason why the
treatment of virus infections is usually left up
to the patient's own immune system,
Bacteria vs. Viruses
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An example of a disease caused by
bacteria is strep throat, Anthrax,
Botulism, Lyme disease, Tuberculosis,
Typhoid fever
Viruses: AIDS, Chickenpox, Common
cold, Measles, Rabies, Influenza(FLU),
West Nile disease
Medicines That Fight
Pathogens
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Antivirals: developed to treat some viral
illnesses. Often these only suppress
rather than kill it.
Antifungus: can cure or suppress
infections such as athlete’s foot and
ringworm.
Medicines That Relieve Pain
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Most common are analgesics.
Range from mild medicines such as
aspirins to strong narcotics such as
the opium-based morphine and
codeine.
Medicines That Promote
Health
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Allergy Medicines. Many people rely
on antihistamines and other medications
to reduce symptoms of allergies.
Body-regulating Medicines. Regulate
body chemistry. Insulin, inhaler, and
cardiovascular medicines are examples.
Antidepressant and Antipsychotic
Medicines. Help to regulate brain
chemistry
Cancer Treatment Medicine. Reduce
rapid growth of cells and helps to stop
the spread of cancer cells.
Medicines and the Body
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A person’s reaction to medicine
depends on how the medicine mixes
with chemicals in his/her body.
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Additive Interaction. Both medicines
work together in a positive way.
Synergistic Effect. Two or more
medications result in a greater affect than
when the medicines are taken alone.
Antagonistic Interaction. The effect of
one medication is canceled by another.
Problems to Medicines
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Tolerance. The body becomes used to the
effect of a medicine. The body then requires
increasingly larger doses of the medicine to
produce the same effect.
Withdrawal. When a person stops using a
medicine on which he/she has a chemical
dependence it can lead to nervousness,
insomnia, headaches, vomiting, chills,
cramps… Withdrawal sometimes requires
medical intervention.
Medicine Safety
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All medicines must reach the standards set by
the FDA (Food and Drug Administration). Part
of these standards include the amount
released to the public.
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Prescription Medicines. Available only by
means of a doctor’s written instructions and can
be dispensed only by a licensed pharmacist.
Over-The-Counter (OTC) Medicines. Includes
a wide variety of medicines that you can buy
without a prescription.
Medicine Misuse
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Failing to follow instructions
Giving a prescription medicine to a person
whom it was not prescribed to or taking
another person’s medicine.
Taking too much or too little of a medicine or
taking a medicine for longer or less than
prescribed.
Discontinuing use of a medicine without
informing the health care professional.
Mixing medicines.
Drug Use-A High Risk Behavior
Vocabulary:
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Substance Abuse: any unnecessary or improper
use of chemical substances for nonmedical purposes.
Illegal Drugs: chemical substances that people of
any age may not lawfully manufacture, possess, buy,
or sell.
Illicit Drug Use: the use or sale of any substance
that is illegal or otherwise not permitted.
Overdose: a strong, sometimes fatal reaction to
taking a large amount of a drug.
Drug Use-A High Risk Behavior
Vocabulary:
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Psychological Dependence: a
condition in which a person believes
that a drug is needed in order to feel
good or to function normally.
Physiological Dependence: a
condition in which the user has a
chemical need for the drug.
Addiction: a physiological or
psychological dependence on a drug.
Factors That Influence Decisions
About Drugs
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Peer Pressure the influence that people your age may
have on you. Teens whose friends and acquaintances avoid
drug use can say no to drugs more easily than teens whose
friends accept and encourage drug use.
Family Members help teens to resist drugs.
Role Models people you admire and want to imitate.
Media Messages influence your impression of drug use.
Perceptions of a society’s drug behavior are often
inaccurate.
Health Consequences of Drug
Use
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Physical Consequences:
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Mental/Emotional Consequences:
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Once the drug enters the bloodstream it can harm
the users brain, heart, lungs, and other vital
organs.
Overdose
Drugs cloud reasoning and thinking, users often
lose control of their behaviors.
Social Consequences:
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Can cause a negative affect on relationships with
family and friends.
Health Consequences
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Drugs are involved directly or indirectly
in many teen suicides
Suicide is the third leading cause of
death amount high school students
Understanding the Addiction
Cycle
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Tolerance-the body of the substance abuser
needs more of the drug to get the same effect.
Psychological dependence-the user has a
continuing desire to take the drug for its effect.
Physiological dependence-a person who
experiences severe withdrawal when they stop
taking the drug.
Addiction-causes persistent, compulsive use
of a substance known by the user to be
harmful.
Addiction becomes hard to stop without
professional help
Consequences
Affects all aspects of health,
Mental/emotional, Physical and Social.
 People often lose control of themselves which often
leads to violence.
 Substance abuse often results in violent crimes,
suicide, and either intentional or unintentional
death.
 Drug users are at a greater risk of engaging in
sexual activity leading to unwanted pregnancy or
STDs.
 ILLEGAL! Teens possessing, manufacturing, or
selling drugs are committing a crime. Being
arrested leads to court fines, suspension from
school, jail time, and probation.
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Consequences
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Drug abuse cost the nation’s economy about
$160 billion a year due to lost work, lack of
productivity, jail time, accidents, life and
health insurance, and law enforcement
costs, legal fees, drug-related damage,
injuries and death…Whew!!!
Physical, mental/emotional, social and legal
consequences are all preventable by…
Choosing a drug-free lifestyle
Marijuana, Inhalants, and Steroids
Vocabulary:
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Marijuana: a plant whose leaves, buds, and
flowers are usually smoked for their
intoxicating effects.
Paranoia: an irrational suspiciousness or
distrust of others.
Inhalants: substances whose fumes are
sniffed and inhaled to achieve a mind-altering
effect.
Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids: synthetic
substances that are similar to the male sex
hormone testosterone.
Health Risks of Marijuana
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Vary from person to person and can be influences by
an individual’s mood and surroundings. In all cases it
does bring serious health risks, such as:
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Hallucinations and paranoia
Decreased initiation
Bloodshot eyes
Weight gain
Lung irritation
Heart and lung damage
Changed hormone levels, affecting normal body
development in teens
Much more…
Inhalants
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Go immediately to the brain causing brain
damage and killing cells that can never be
replaced.
Inhalants include:
 Solvents
─Aerosols ─Spray Paints
 Gasoline
─Nitrates ─Nitrous Oxide
Extremely dangerous, many are labeled as
poisons.
Not designed to be taken into the body so they
cause permanent nervous system and brain
damage.
Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids
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Steroids can cause mood swings-impaired
judgment resulting from feelings of
invincibility-and paranoia.
Unless prescribed by a physician all
steroids are dangerous.
Although it increases strength the tendons
and ligaments don’t get stronger, leading
to major injuries.
Nonmedical use of steroids is ILLEGAL
Psychoactive Drugs
Vocabulary:
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Psychoactive Drugs: chemicals that
affect the central nervous system and alter
activity in the brain.
Stimulants: drugs that speed up the
central nervous system.
Euphoria: a feeling of intense well-being
or elation.
Depressants: sedatives, drugs that tend
to slow the central nervous system.
Psychoactive Drugs
Vocabulary:
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Narcotics: specific drugs that are
obtainable only by prescription and are
used to relieve pain.
Hallucinogens: drugs that alter moods,
thoughts, and sense perceptions including
vision, hearing, smell, and touch.
Designer Drugs: synthetic substances
meant to imitate the effects of
hallucinogens and other dangerous drugs.
Classification of Psychoactive
Drugs
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Four main groups of psychoactive drugs:
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Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Hallucinogens
When these drugs are misused or abused
a person’s health and the proper function
of all body systems are seriously affected.
Health Risks of Stimulants
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Cocaine. Highly addictive and interrupts the normal
functioning of the central nervous system.
Crack. More dangerous form of cocaine because
instantly enters the brain and causes heart rate and
blood pressure to soar to dangerous levels. Many die
from cardiac and respiratory failure.
Amphetamines. Reduce fatigue and drowsiness, and
suppresses appetite. The easily developed tolerance
causes a user to ingest more of the substance.
Methamphetamine. Or meth, may provide a shortterm feeling euphoria. Results in depression, paranoia,
damage to the central nervous system, increased heart
rate and blood pressure, damage to brain cells, and
death.
Health Risks of Depressants
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Barbiturates. Induce sleepiness, but can result in
mood changes, sleeping more than normal, and
coma. Combined with alcohol it becomes lethal.
Tranquilizers. Reduce muscular activity,
coordination, and attention span, but often leads
to physiological and psychological dependence with
sever withdrawal symptoms.
Rohypnol. 10X as strong as tranquilizers, often
used in date-rape crimes.
GHB. The drug leaves the blood quickly making it
difficult to determine if an overdose has occurred.
Narcotics
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Relieve pain by blocking the pain
messengers in the brain. Abuse of
narcotics can cause addiction, breathing
convulsions, coma, and death.
Opium, Morphine, Codeine &..
Heroin. Highly addictive depresses the
central nervous system and slows
breathing and pulse rate. Can cause
infection of the heart valves and lining.
Withdrawal is very painful.
Hallucinogens
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PCP. Considered one of the most dangerous drugs of
all, distorts sense of time and space, increased
muscle strength, and inability to feel pain. Overdose
causes death.
LSD. Extremely strong hallucinogen, that causes
hallucinations distorted perceptions, convulsions,
coma, heart and lung failure, and death.
Ecstasy: a designer drug, known as MDMA is a
combination stimulant & hallucinogen short-term
euphoria but can cause, confusion, depression etc.
Ketamine. An anesthetic, mostly used to treat
animals, that is often smoked with marijuana or
tobacco. Often results in death by respiratory failure.
Living Drug Free
Vocabulary:
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Drug-Free School Zones: areas within
1,000 feet of schools and designated by
signs, within which people caught selling
drugs receive especially severe penalties.
Drug Watchers: organized community
efforts by neighborhood residents to patrol,
monitor, report, and otherwise try to stop
drug deals and drug abuse.
Resisting Pressure to Use
Drugs, learn to say “NO!”
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The first step to staying drug free is to make
a firm and deliberate decision.
Be fully committed to refusing drugs before
they are offered.
Practice refusal skills to honor your
commitment to remain drug free.
Consider all the harmful affects of drug use
and all the benefits of a drug-free lifestyle.
Becoming Drug Free
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Identify specific sources of help in your
community-drug counselors, treatment
centers, and support groups.
Talk to the person when he or she is sober.
Express your affection and concern for the
person, and describe his or her behavior
without being judgmental.
Listen to the person’s response. Be prepared
for anger and denial.
Offer to go with your friend or family member
to a counselor or support group.
Treatment Centers
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Types of drug treatment center:
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Outpatient Drug-Free Treatment. Include
medications and individual or group counseling.
Short-Term Treatment. These centers can
include residential, medication, and outpatient
therapies.
Maintenance Therapy. Intended for heroin
addicts, this treatment usually includes medication
therapy.
Therapeutic Communications. Residences for
people with a long history of drug abuse. Include
highly structured programs that usually last from
6-12 months.