PROJECT PRESENTATION_2
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Transcript PROJECT PRESENTATION_2
BY: FARWA MOLOO
U29/35723/2010
SUPERVISOR: DR AMUGUNE
INTRODUCTION
Diabetes growing epidemic threatening to overwhelm
health services and undermine economies, especially in
the developing countries( WHO, 2008).
Diabetes is a chronic disorder characterized either by:
inability of the pancreas to synthesize and secrete
insulin
or
properly utilize insulin resulting in chronic
hyperglycemia.
…….
If diabetes is not managed
complications can arise including:
appropriately,
Skin infections
•Gastroparesis
Glaucoma
•Hypertension
Cataracts
Diabetic foot
Diabetic ketoacidosis
•Diabetic Neuropathy
•Stroke
INTRODUCTION…
To
achieve
optimum
control
of
condition
important
consideration on:
Compliance to pharmacological management
Compliance to non pharmacological management
Laboratory support: glucose , lipid and glycated hemoglobin level
measurements.
A pharmacist’s role crucial
STUDY RATIONALE
Studies
show most health care workers in
developing countries aim only to provide the
patients with medications but without appropriate
information on:
lifestyle,
medications side effects
importance of medication compliance.
a pharmacist can reduce prevalence by having an
appropriate pharmaceutical plan for medication
related problems
STUDY OBJECTIVES
Overall objective
To evaluate the management of diabetic patients at the out- patient
diabetic clinic in Kenyatta national hospital
Specific objectives
To assess diabetic patients compliance to their anti-diabetic
medications.
To determine the factors that lead to non compliance to antidiabetic therapy.
To explore the various approaches that may be adapted by a
pharmacist to reduce non compliance.
To determine the non- pharmacological support services provided
as part of the diabetes management plan.
METHODOLOGY
Study design: a mixture of:
retrospective-patients’ files were perused,
Prospective-participants interviewed using a questionnaire.
Study Site: KNH outpatient diabetic clinic
Study population: Patients mainly resided within Nairobi.
Sample size: 140 Informed and consented diabetic patients
participated.
Study approval: KNH- UON ERC
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
70 % of the patients were type 2 diabetics that lay
in 51 to 60 years age range
Age of diabetic patients
40.00%
35.00%
30.00%
25.00%
20.00%
Number of patients
15.00%
10.00%
5.00%
0.00%
20-30
31-40
41-50
51-60
61-70
71-80
81-90
91-100
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…
Most patients adhered to their medications but did not adhere to
strict diet and exercise regimes.
67% of the patients were obese and 60 % were on blood pressure
medications.
BMI of patients
Overweight
Obese
Underweight
Normal
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…
Some type two obese patients reported
not attending regular counseling sessions
and experienced problems such as:
Visual disturbances
Numbness/ burning sensation on the
foot
High cholesterol
Kidney problems
Amputation of the toe
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…
Type one diabetics reported challenges in:
Measuring insulin dose
Cost of the insulin
Forgetting to inject at the right time.
Patients checked their blood sugar often and
could detect when they were hypoglycemic from the
symptoms they experienced
However,
detection of the hyperglycemic state
seemed to pose a problem in 31 % of the patients.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…
Patients
Were familiar with
the ideal meal plan for a diabetic
exercised daily but the intensity of exercise was reported to be easy.
Regularity of exercise
Sometimes
Often
4.80%
0.97%
10.70%
Occasionally
Series1
Every 3 days
1.90%
77.70%
Daily
Three time a week
2.90%
0.00% 10.00%20.00%30.00%40.00%50.00%60.00%70.00%80.00%
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…
Alcohol and tobacco consumption was not observed as a
problem amongst participants.
33 % were on insulin, 36 % t on tablets and the rest were on
combination therapy (insulin and tablets).
Types of medication
Combination
(tablets+Insuli
n)
30%
Oral
hypoglycemics
36%
Insulin
34%
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…
Low compliance observed 10 % of the participants
due to:
Cost of the medications
Lack of drug information
Ignorance
Forgetfulness in the old aged
Irregularities in attending diabetic clinics
Pill burden
Side effects of medicines
Difficulty in measuring the dose of insulin
Difficulty in adhering to time due to work constraints
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…
41% percent of patients had been sent for HbA1C
BP, weight and blood glucose were checked at every
visit
Patients regularity of getting cholesterol, urine and
eye tests depended on if they could afford it.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…
There was no pharmacist at the diabetic clinic
Patients bought their medications from a separate
pharmacy.
Aim at the pharmacy was to clear the long queue
rather then counsel patients.
CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
There is a correlation between non compliance
to pharmacological & non pharmacological
management of diabetes and development of
complications.
A pharmacist should be incorporated in the
medical team at the diabetic clinic in order to
reduce non compliance in patients.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Role of the pharmacist be :
Choosing
medications
that
require
less
frequent
administration with few or no side effects
Counseling patients on expected side effects and how to
minimize them
Educating patients to keep diaries/set reminders
Counseling patients on consequences of non compliance
and regular follow up
In the assessment, identification, education, referral and
monitoring of the condition.
THANK YOU