Transcript Disorders_Water

Disorders of Water Metabolism
What primarily affects Sodium
levels in the body?
Physiology of water balance
 Almost all dysnatremias are a result of water balance
 TBW = 60% total body weight
 2/3 ECF compartment with water that is freely diffusable b/w
ICF and ECF to maintain identical osmolality
 So, serum osmolality measures all compartments, i.e. -- when
total body water is elevated, osmolality falls
 ADH – governs the excretion of water by the kidney, which
prevents dilution of urine when present
Osmolality v. Tonicity
 Osmolality: total number of particles in an aqueous solution
(mosmol/kg H2O)
 Normal Posm = 275-290 mosmol/kg
 Effective osmolality (tonicity): particles that can exert osmotic
force across membranes, via movement of water into or out
of cells
 Na+, glucose and BUN are major determinants of plasma
osmolality
 Posm = 2 x plasma [Na+] + [Glucose]/18 + [BUN]/2.8
 Effective osmoles (Na+ , glucose) exert water shifts unlike urea,
ethanol
Serum osmolality = 285 to 290
What factors regulate the ECF?
 There are multiple sensors (afferent limb that monitors EABV –
amount of arterial blood that fills the arterial circulation)
 Baroreceptors
 Low pressure baroreceptors in venous beds that monitor for volume overload
– atria, pulmonary vascular bed
 High pressure barocreceptors (carotids)
 JG apparatus (located at the thick ascending limb of the Loop of Henle to
regulate afferent arteriole) – renin release
 Efferent limb – primarily renal
 Regulates rate of sodium excretion, which is most significant in the
tubules
 RAAS system – Ang II
 ADH – released by posterior pituitary with 1% change in blood osm
 Catecholamine release – directly stimulates sodium reabsorption at
PT and LOH
ADH
 ADH is created in supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
 Released as granules travels to posterior pituitary gland
where it is released as osmolality increases
 Site of action is collecting tubule
 Regulated by plasma osmolality (released at 280-290),
volume, stress, nausea, pregnancy
Differential for hyponatremia
Approach to hyponatremia
 History and physical often gives clue to etiology of
hyponatremia -- so take a good history
1. Check serum osm to make sure – hypotonic hyponatremia –
total body water issue
2. Determine volume status
 Hypovolemic
 ↓ [Na+] = ↓↓TBNa/↓TBW
 Euvolemic
 ↓ [Na+] = ↔ TBNa/↑TBW
 Hypervolemic
 ↓ [Na+] = ↑TBNa/↑↑TBW
Approach to hyponatremia
3. Is ADH response appropriate? Is H2O excretion normal or
impaired
 Uosm < 100 mosmol/kg indicates that ADH is appropriately
suppressed
 Primary polydipsia
 Reset osmostat (when Posm is below normal)
 Low solute intake
 Uosm > 100 mosmol/kg occurs in majority of hyponatremic
patients and indicates impaired H2O excretion
Hypervolemic Hyponatremia
 Increased water much greater than sodium
 Usually states of decreased effective circulating volume
 CHF, nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis, renal failure
 What is urine sodium in these cases?
Hypovolemic Hyponatremia
 Total body sodium loss > total body water loss
 Determine if sodium loss is renal or extrarenal
 U[Na] < 10 indicated extrarenal loss (Vomiting, diarrhea, third
spacing)
 U[Na] >20 renal losses (diuretics, mineralocorticoid deficiency,
salt-losing nephritis, osmotic diuresis, bicarbonaturia, ketonuria
Euvolemic Hyponatremia
SIADH - Causes
Management of hyponatremia
What are the clinical signs and
symptoms of hyponatremia?
Clinical manifestations
 Depends on rapidity of fall which does not allow for cerebral
adaptation
 Symptoms typically occurs below 125 mmol/L (if from
previously normal levels)
 Mostly neurologic symptoms
 Nausea, headache, lethargy, ataxia, psychosis, seizures, coma
Symptomatic
Hyponatermia
 Key points:
 3% saline only if seizures or
other neurologic
manifestations (can consider
faster infusion)
 Concomitant lasix helps to
eliminate free water
 Frequent labs absolutely
necessary
 What is the risk of too rapid
correction?
Chronic Asymptomatic Hyponatermia >
48 hours
Case examples
 An 82 y/o woman is admitted from a nursing home with
increasing lethargy and confusion. She has a baseline
dementia, but is normally animated and interactive with
family and staff. She has had a poor appetite over the
past year with significant weight loss, and currently eats
very little. Two weeks ago HCTZ was added to her
medications. Over the past few days, the nurses note
some n/v, no diarrhea, fever or other complaints. On
exam, she has some dry oral mucosa but she is not
orthostatic. There is no evidence of CHF, ascites or
edema. She is awake, but lethargic. Neuro exam is
nonfocal. Labs: Na 121 (last 130 4 weeks ago), normal
renal/liver function. Serum osm 200, urine osm 220,
urine Na 30.
Differential for hyponatremia
 Volume depletion from n/v
 Thiazide diuretic – how does this cause hyponatremia?
 Tea and toast
 SIADH
How would you treat this patient?
 Stop diuretic +/- IVF (given ?SIADH)
 If you gave patient 1L NS and she had SIADH, what would
you expect to happen?