Haematological Irritations
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Transcript Haematological Irritations
West Herts GP Consultant
Forum (08/09/2010)
Haematological Irritations
Dr Anna Wood
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Topics for discussion
Polycythaemic indices
Neutropaenia
Lymphocytosis
Platelet clumping
Immunoglobulins
Thrombophilia
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Normal indices
Female
Hb
12-15g/dl
Hct
0.36-0.44
Rbc
3.86-4.9 x
Hb
Hct
Rbc
Male
13-16g/dl
0.38-0.49
4.15-5.15 x
Polycythaemic indices
HCT > 0.48
HCT > 0.52
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Polycythaemic indices
When does it matter?
What are the consequences?
When to investigate and how far?
When to refer?
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1) When does it matter?
Clinical Context
Age
Persistence or
progression of
abnormality
VTE
Arterial disease
Abdominal mass
Family history
Drugs
Smoker
Alcohol
Cyanotic heart
disease
Chronic respiratory
disease
Hypertension
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Definition and Classification of
Polycythaemia
Hct > 0.52 men and > 0.48
women
True Polycythaemia
Primary (MPD)
Secondary
Congenital eg high o2 affinity Hb
Erythropoetin- driven
Drugs eg androgens
Post renal transplant
Relative Polycythaemia
Reduction in plasma
volume but no increase in red
cell mass
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2) What are the
consequences?
A
Primary
High risk VTE and
stroke
Pseudo/Apparent
Unknown risk of VTE
Secondary
Less risk VTE
B Underlying pathology
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3) When to investigate and
how far?
History and Examination
If no obvious cause repeat (uncuffed)
Age if young (?) do renal / abdominal ultrasound
Urate levels
(a) well hydrated 87 year old man, non smoker
(b) 37 year old female, non smoker, asthmatic on
ventolin, normal renal USS
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4) When to refer?
No obvious cause (pseudo) and
persistence of abnormality
If white cells and platelets elevated as
well
If obvious cause AND VTE/ Arterial
history
If there is obvious cause but concern re
necessity for venesection
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Case 1
82 year old lady
3 episodes VTE and stroke/ now on
indefinite warfarin
GP referral with Hb 17.8 g/dl HCT 0.549
WCC 7.1 x109/L Platelets 268 x 109/L
JAK 2 V617 mutation positive
Primary proliferative polycythaemia
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Case 2
59 year old male/ heavy smoker
Went to GP as tired
Progressively abnormal Hb and HCT
2007
Hb 16.2 g/dl HCT 0.47
2009
Hb 18.3 g/dl HCT 0.53
Haematology referral
Epo levels 40iu/l (5-25)
Renal cancer
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Mild Neutropaenia
Facts
Normal Neutrophil count
1.9 – 7.0 x109/L
Ethnic variant
0.8 x 109/L
When does it matter?
Clinical context
? Recent acute/ severe viral infection
Drugs
Other abnormal haematological indices
History of recurrent bacterial infections
Disease associations eg SLE
Degree of neutropaenia
Blood film appearance
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Importance of blood film
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Neutropaenia
What are the consequences?
Of neutropaenia < 0.5 x 109/L
Of underlying condition
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Case provided
68 year old man of Asian origin,
negative viral screen, on no medication,
well.
Neutrophils 1.16 x 109/L
How often should this be monitored?
Request blood film and if normal
recheck in 3-4 months
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Lymphocytosis
Normal 1.2 - 3.5x109/L
Age
Causes
Clinical context
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Causes isolated lymphocytosis
in elderly
CLL
Low grade lymphoma
Monoclonal B-cell Lymphocytosis (MBL)
Splenectomised
Smoking
Endocrine
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CLL
Diagnosis of lymphocytes > 5 x109/L
Median age
72
Stage A accounts for 80% cases
Outcome for stage A
50% stable and never require treatment
50% progress and require treatment
Median survival 9 years
20% Stage B and C require treatment 18
Case provided (CLL)
76 year old lady, IHD on various
medications
Lymphocytes 6 x 109/L
How often to monitor?
When to refer?
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How often to monitor?
First must request blood film.
If no lymphadenopathy, organomegaly,
B symptoms and otherwise normal
blood count 6 monthly and there is an
‘assumption’of CLL
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CLL blood film
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Other lymphoproliferative
disorder
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When to refer
If rapid rise in lymphocytes (LDT < 6 months)
If at diagnosis presence of ‘B’ symptoms,
hepatosplenomegaly or additional abnormality in
blood count
Patient choice ie would like a substantive diagnosis
Blood film suggestive of other low grade
lymphoproliferative disorder.
Initial Lymphocytes > 30 x 109/L
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Importance of Red blood cell
count
Raised RBC with Microcytosis
Iron deficient primary
Thalassaemia trait
polycythaemia
Hb 9 g/dl MCV 62 RBC 6.0
Hb 16 g/dl MCV 77 RBC 5 x
x 109/L
109/L
Compare
Primary polycythaemia
Hb 20 g/dl MCV 90 x 109/l
RBC 6 x 109/L
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Platelet clumping
In vitro phenomenon
Of no clinical consequence
Lab should delete platelet count
Citrated sample sometimes helps
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Platelet clumping
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Polyclonal increase
immunoglobulins
Connective tissue disease
Chronic infections (HIV TB)
Non haematological malignancies
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Thrombophilia
Young girl with family history VTE
Prior to COCP
Should we test for thrombophilia?
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Why do thrombophilia tests?
Predict the rate of recurrence in a
patient with VTE
Predict the risk of 1st VTE in family
member
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1) Predicting rate of
recurrence VTE
Recurrence rate
Post op
Minimal
15-20%
First 2 years
Other provoked Spontaneous
10%
20%
No additional risk factor for recurrence if
thrombophilia
Single biggest risk factor for recurrence VTE
is VTE
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2) Prediction VTE in
unselected cases
Background incidence VTE women
childbearing age 1 per 10,000 per year
COCP
3x risk
COCP + Factor V Leiden
30x risk
Screening all women not economically
viable
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3) Selective screening of
asymptomatic relatives
Thrombotic family
Defect identified
Risk VTE asymptomatic
family member is
UNCERTAIN unless
HIGH RISK
antithrombin deficiency
Protein C /S deficiency
Thrombotic family
Defect not identified
Risk VTE asymptomatic
family member is
UNCERTAIN
False reassurance
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Testing females prior COCP
with family history
BSCH guidelines 2010
First degree relative VTE
Tested positive
Tested negative
Not tested
Thrombophilia testing not recommended
Consider an alternative contraception or transdermal
HRT
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Thank you
Any Questions
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