Transcript 1._Miscarriage_&_Early_Pregnancy_Loss

Dr Chro Najmaddin Fattah
MBChB, DGO, MRCOG, MRCPI, MD
Obst. & Gyne. Department
Spontaneous miscarriage is the most common complication of early pregnancy
before 24 week gestation
8–20% clinically recognized pregnancies
13–26% all pregnancies
Incidence: 15%
Early pregnancy loss:
If it occurs before 12 weeks (80%)
Late pregnancy loss:
If it occurs between 13 to 24 weeks (12%)
( usually there is a fetus)
Early pregnancy loss classified into;
No fetus on U/S examination (Empty gestational sac)
Fetal tissues absent on histological examination
Early fetal demise: fetus present on U/S examination
fetal tissues present on histological examination
Factors influence rate of spontaneous miscarriage:
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Maternal age > 35 years
Gravidity
Previous miscarriage
Multiple pregnancies
Anembryonic Pregnancy
— No fetal pole with mean sac diamter
>25 mm (transabdominal) OR
>18 mm (transvaginal)
— <4 mm growth in 7 days
(No yolk sac, with mean sac diameter >25mm)
Embryonic Demise
— No cardiac activity with CRL ≥7mm
Mishell DR, Comprehensive Gynecology 2007
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Abnormal conceptus as genetic abnormalities (50-60%),
structural abnormalities
Endocrine abnormalities (10- 15%)
Cervical incompetence (8-10%)
Uterine anatomic abnormalities (1-3%)
Immunological (5%)
Infections (3-5%)
Structural abnormalities
Unknown reasons (< 5%)
Means an empty gestational sac without embryo
development. (Blighted ovum )
Most miscarriage occurs before 8 weeks’ gestations.
Result from: Error in maternal and/ or paternal meiosis
chromosomal division without cytoplasmic division
The abnormalities of development may be due to:
Chromosomal abnormalities
Structural abnormalities
Gene defects (absence of specific enzyme)
I- The chromosomal abnormalities;
Are found in approximately 80% of empty sac( blighted ovum) and 5-10% of
the miscarriage in which the a fetus is present.
These are the most frequent and important causes of early pregnancy loss
♣ Autosomal trisomy; The non-disjunction defect is found approximately in
60% of blighted ovum with abnormal karyotypes.
most non-disjunction occurs during 1st mitotic division
The affected chromosomes are: 16 (32%)
22 (10%)
21 (8%)
♣ Triploidy ;
♣ Monosomy X;
occurs in 12-15% of chromosomal abnormalities
double paternal chromosomes (69 chromosomes)
partial molar of pregnancy occurs in 5%
represents 25% of miscarriage with chromosomal
abnormalities (45X)
♣ Structural rearrangement;
the abnormality consists of unbalanced
translocation accounts 3-5% of miscarriage with abnormal chromosome
3% of couple s will be carrier karyotyping is required
II- structural abnormalities as Nural tube deffect (NTD) , uncommon cause of
miscarriage
III- Gene defect; -difficult to determine because of facilities to identify the
individual gene defects.
-Example as autosomal dominant disorders and X-linked dominant disorders.
*Corpus luteum is essential for maintenance of pregnancy during the first 8
weeks.
* Surgical removal of it→ miscarriage within 4- 7 days
* Parenteral progesterone may prevent miscarriage but the evidence of
progesterone deficiency as a cause of miscarriage is unsatisfactory.
* In the past, progesterone have been used among women with recurrent
miscarriage with good results. It is possible that corpus luteum deficiency
could be a cause of early pregnancy loss
* Use pf progesterone is over used in miscarriage.
A- Uterine malformations;
Result from a failure of normal fusion of the Mullerian ducts, as: bicronuate
uterus, septate or subseptate, and uterus didelphys.
May result in miscarriage in 10- 15%
B- Intra-uterine synechiae ( Asher man's syndrome) in which there is either
partial or complete adhesion between walls of uterus leading to partial or
complete obliteration of the uterine cavity.
Usually occur as a result of intrauterine infections following;
Retained parts of conception
post-abortal or postpartum curettage
Repeated pregnancy loss
Is a well recognized cause of miscarriage in late second trimester
▲ The clinical feature are:
- painless cervical dilatation (main presentation)
- increase vaginal discharge
- speculum examination shows bulging membrane with
cervical dilatation
▲Causes; Trauma to cervix is the main etiological factor
- vigorous mechanical dilatation of cervix
- trauma during delivery
- cone biopsy
- cervical amputation
Congenital; rare
1- History and examination
2- During pregnancy:
U/s examination
Finding: short cervix
internal os dilated up to ≥ 2cm
funnel shaped cervix
3- Non pregnancy:
passing Hegar dilator number 8 through internal os
hysterosalpingography
Placing suture ( cervical cerclage) around the cervix at 14- 16 week’s
gestation
Two types of sutures;
McDonald
Shrodkar
▲ Complications of cerclage
- Rupture of membrane
- Infections
- further trauma to cervix
▲ Time of removal of cerclage at 38 weeks
◙ uncommon cause of miscarriage
◙ acute maternal infections as ; peyelitis, appendicitis can lead to general toxic
illness with high temperature that stimulates the uterine activity →
miscarriage.
◙ early diagnosis & treatment will control most of infection and forestall the
occurrence of miscarriage
◙ syphilis can cross the placenta → IUFD and miscarriage
◙ other infections as; Rubella, Toxoplasmosis, Listeriosis, CMV, and
Mycoplasma can lead to miscarriage
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Immunological rejection of fetus can cause recurrent miscarriage
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May be due to failure of the normal immune response in mother
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An example is anti-phospholipids antibody syndrome responsible for 3-5%
of recurrent miscarriage
F- toxic factors
Anesthetic gases, smoking, alcohol, and drug abuse can cause miscarriage
G- Trauma
amniocentesis, CVS, IUCDs, and abdominal surgery
1- Threatened miscarriage
Referred as vaginal bleeding before 24 week’s gestation when there is a viable
fetus without evidence of cervical dilatation and pain.
2- Inevitable, if the cervix becomes dilated, the bleeding increases and there is pain.
3- Incomplete, if there is partial expulsion of product of product of conception
(usually the fetus) with retention of some parts ( usually placenta).
4- Complete, complete expulsion of product of conception.
5- Missed miscarriage, the embryo dies in utero but is not passed
6 -Septic, infection may occur following any type of abortion and may spread to
pelvis or even leads to septicemia.
7- Recurrent miscarriage, referred as three or more consecutive miscarriage
Clinical features of miscarriage
1- Threatened miscarriage
- vaginal bleeding (usually slight)
- slight abdominal cramps
- internal os is closed
- viable fetus on U/S examination
2- Inevitable miscarriage
- bleeding becomes heavy with clots
- lower abdominal pain
- cervix dilated ± bulging membrane
3- Incomplete miscarriage
- heavy vaginal bleeding may lead to hypo-volaemic shock
- lower abdominal pain some times sever
- history of passing something (POC)
- cervix dilated
- Retained parts of conception on U/S examination
4- Complete miscarriage
- bleeding minimal
- no pain
- cervix closed
- empty uterus on U/S examination
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Ectopic pregnancy
Hydatiform mole ( molar pregnancy)
Local causes as; cervical erosion, cervical polyp, etc.
Clinical assessment
A- History;
includes
personal history
complains as; vaginal bleeding, pain
medical history
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General assessment for any signs of shock
* Abdominal examination for:
abdominal tenderness
size of uterus large:
wrong date
multiple pregnancy
molar pregnancy
fibroids
smaller :
wrong date
non- viable fetus
Should be carried out in all cases
If the vaginal bleeding is slight → speculum examination for
- any vaginal infection
- cervical lesion
If the bleeding is heavy → digital examination to assess
- cervical tenderness ? Ectopic
- state of cervix
- any RPOC felt inside cervix
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to be removed manually
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relieve pain & decrease bleeding
Serum B-HCG may be required to confirm pregnancy
 Ultra-sound examination
Abdominal U/S GS will be seen normally if SBHCG ≥ 3000mIU/ml
Trans-vaginal ; more accurate GS will be seen normally if SBHCG ≥
1500mIU/ml
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NB; if fetal heart seen on U/S examination, pregnancy will continue in 98%.
Do Nothing:
Expectant management
Do Something:
Medical management
Do Surgery:
Surgical management
Sotiriadis A, Obstet Gynecol 2005
Nanda K, Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006
Factor
Comparison of Methods
Success rate
Surgical > Medical
Medical ≥ Expectant
Resolution
within 48 hrs
Surgical > Medical > Expectant
Infection risk
.2–3%
Expectant = Medical = Surgical
Nanda K, Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; Nielsen S, Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1999;
Shelly JM, Aust. NZ J Obstet Gynaecol 2005; Sotiriadis A, Obstet Gynecol 2005; Tinder J, (MIST) BMJ, 2006
Overall success rate
81%
Success rates vary by type of miscarriage
— Incomplete/inevitable abortion 91%
— Embryonic demise
76%
— Anembryonic pregnancies
66%
Luise C, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2002
Success Rates
Placebo
16–60%
Single dose misoprostol
25–88% 400–800 mcg
Repeat dose x 1 if incomplete 80–88%
at 24 hours
Success rate depends on type of miscarriage
— 100% with incomplete abortion
— 87% for all others
Wood SL, Obstet Gynecol 2002; Bagratee JS, Hum Reproduct 2004; Blohm F, BJOG: Int J Obstet Gynecol 2005
<13 weeks gestation
Stable vital signs
No evidence of infection
No allergies to medications used
Adequate counseling and patient
acceptance of side effects
Prostoglandin E1 analogue
FDA approved for prevention
of gastric ulcers
Used off-label for many Ob/Gyn indications:
— Labor induction
— Cervical ripening
— Medical Miscarriage (with mifepristone)
— Prevention/treatment of postpartum
hemorrhage
Can be administered by oral, buccal,
sublingual, vaginal and rectal routes
Chen B, Clin Obstet Gynecol 2007
Suction dilation and curettage (D&C)
Who should have surgical management?
— Unstable
— Significant medical morbidity
— Infected
— Very heavy bleeding
— Anyone who WANTS immediate therapy
1-
Threatened miscarriage
- Reassurance of patients
- Rest for few days until the bleeding has settled down
- May require progesterone supplementation
- Folic acid
2- Incomplete miscarriage
- Assessment of general condition
- Blood sample for blood group, RH factor, and CBC
- Removal of RPOC if felt in cervical canal
- Ergometrine 0.5mg IV or IM to ↓ blood loss
- Evacuation of uterus UGA followed by gentle curettage
- Ergometrine 0.5mg IV will encourage uterine contraction
-Anti D if RH negative
- If there is hypo-volaemic shock, may require blood transfusion
Septic miscarriage
Occurs as a result of ascending infection following miscarriage.
If not treated, infection may spread throughout pelvis → septicemia and septic
shock
Signs; pyrexia
abdominal pain, and tenderness
persistent vaginal bleeding
offensive vaginal discharge
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Routine basic investigations as BL. Group, RH factor, CBC, BS,
urea & electrolytes, etc
Cervical swab
U/S examination for retained parts
Treatment
- Iv. Broad spectrum antibiotic
- IV fluids ± blood transfusion if needed
- Analgesia
- Evacuation of uterus
- Anti D
Septicemia, and septic shock
 Acute renal failure
 Chronic pelvic infection
 Infertility
Missed miscarriage
clinical feature: - Disappearance of symptoms of pregnancy
-Size of uterus < duration of gestation
- U/S shows no signs of fetal life
-PT will remains positive as long as the placental tissues survive then → -ve
Treatment:
there is no urgency in treating missed miscarriage because:
spontaneous miscarriage mostly occurs
coagulation defects due to dead fetus syndrome are rare
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Management includes:
1-Careful history and examination
2- trans-vaginal U/S
3- HSG and/or hysteroscopy
4- karyotyping
5-blood tests for infections
6- antiphospholipid antibodies
Treatment according to the cause
Induced abortion is not considered in medical terms alone but it arouses
strong personal emotions and involves religious and ethical considerations.
Indications; termination of pregnancy may be medically indicated to safe life of
patients as in: malignant diseases of cervix, breast and sever cardiac
disease.
Also fetal malformation may require termination.
1- what is miscarriage and the types?
2- how to diagnose different types of miscarriage ?
3 what are the complications ?
How to treat patient ?