Coagulopathies and Trauma - Society of Trauma Nurses
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Transcript Coagulopathies and Trauma - Society of Trauma Nurses
Cristy M. Thomas FNP-BC
University of Nevada School of Medicine
University Medical Center, Las Vegas NV
Nevada’s Only Level 1 Adult Trauma,
Level 2 Pediatric Trauma centers
30-40 percent of trauma deaths are secondary
to exsanguination
Causes of Coagulopathy in Trauma
Bleeding
Fluid Resuscitation
Transfusions-PRBC
Hypothermia
Multiple injuries
Hypothermia
Acidosis
Progressive Coagulopathy
Multifactoral
Dilution
Consumption of Platelets
Coagulation factor dysfunction of coagulation
system
Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
Prothrombin time (PT)
Intrinsic Pathway
Extrinsic Pathway
Thrombin time
Common Pathway
Fresh frozen plasma
Cryoprecipitate
Epsilon-amino-caproic acid (Amicar)
DDAVP
Recombinant human factor VIIa
(Novoseven)
Source
Platelet concentrate (Random
donor)
Each donor unit should
increase platelet count ~10,000
/µl
Pheresis platelets (Single
donor)
Storage
Up to 5 days at room
temperature
“Platelet trigger”
Bone marrow suppressed
patient (>10-20,000/µl)
Bleeding/surgical patient
(>50,000/µl)
Transfusion reactions
Higher incidence than in RBC transfusions
Related to length of storage/leukocytes/RBC
mismatch
Bacterial contamination
Platelet transfusion refractoriness
Alloimmune destruction of platelets (HLA
antigens)
Non-immune refractoriness
Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
Coagulopathy
Splenic sequestration
Fever and infection
Medications (Amphotericin, vancomycin,
ATG, Interferons)
Content - plasma (decreased factor V and VIII)
Indications
Multiple coagulation deficiencies (liver disease, trauma)
DIC
Warfarin reversal
Coagulation deficiency (factor XI or VII)
Dose (225 ml/unit)
10-15 ml/kg
Note
Viral screened product
ABO compatible
Prepared from FFP
Content
Factor VIII, von Willebrand factor, fibrinogen
Indications
Fibrinogen deficiency
Uremia
von Willebrand disease
Dose (1 unit = 1 bag)
1-2 units/10 kg body weight
Mechanism
Prevent activation plaminogen -> plasmin
Dose
50mg/kg po or IV q 4 hr
Uses
Primary menorrhagia
Oral bleeding
Bleeding in patients with thrombocytopenia
Blood loss during cardiac surgery
Side effects
GI toxicity
Thrombi formation
Mechanism
Increased release of VWF from endothelium
Dose
0.3µg/kg IV q12 hrs
150mg intranasal q12hrs
Uses
Most patients with von Willebrand disease
Mild hemophilia A
Side effects
Facial flushing and headache
Water retention and hyponatremia
Mechanism
Activates coagulation system through extrinsic
pathway
Approved Use
Factor VIII inhibitors in hemophiliacs
Dose: (1.2 mg/vial)
90 µg/kg q 2 hr
“Adjust as clinically indicated”
Cost (70 kg person) @ $1/µg
~$5,000/dose or $60,000/day
Surgery or trauma with profuse bleeding
Consider in patients with excessive bleeding
without apparent surgical source and no response
to other components
Dose: 50-100ug/kg for 1-2 doses
Risk of thrombotic complications not well defined
Anticoagulation therapy with bleeding
20ug/kg with FFP if life or limb at risk; repeat if
needed for bleeding
Journal of Emergency Medicine 2009 April
Transfusion of Blood Products in Trauma: An
Update
Massive Transfusion should be 1:1 Ratio
Restrictive Transfusion Protocols
Still in need of Prospective Randomized trials to
standardize protocols
Gonzalez et al. (2007) FFP should be given
earlier to trauma patients requiring massive
transfusions. Journal of Trauma. Jan 62(1) 112119.
Coagulopathies can be improved with strict
protocols
1:1 PRBC to FFP
Davis et al 2004
ICP monitor placement
157 patients in 3 groups
INR 0.8-1.2
INR 1.3-1.6
INR>1.7
No difference in complications between the
groups and INR correction with FFP only
delayed monitor placement and treatment
Ilyas et al 2008
Earlier correction of INR with Factor VIIa
verses platelet transfusion
4 units vs 7 units of plasma
Correction time was significantly improved
2.4 hours vs 10 hrs
Williams et al 2008 Journal of Trauma
Elderly patients classified as 50 and older
INR >1.5 had a mortality rate of 22.6 % vs 8.2%
Suggestive of early monitoring and correction
or INR in anticoagulated patients 50 and older
Identify and correct any specific defect
of hemostasis
Use non-transfusional drugs whenever
possible
RBC transfusion for surgical
procedures or large blood loss