Transcript Intro to pharm

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Intro to Pharmacology
+ Major Areas of Pharmacology
 Pharmacodynamics-
study of drug on tissues
 Pharmacokinetics-
study of drug absorption,
distribution, metabolism, and excretion
 Pharmacotherapeutics-
of disease
 Pharmacy-
medication
study of drugs in treatment
science of preparing and dispensing
 Posology-
study of amount of drug required to
produce therapeutic effect
 Toxicology-
tissues
study of harmful effects on living
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Drug Information
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definitions
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general definition- any substance that can cause a change in
function when administered
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pharmacological definition- any medication that is used in
treating a disease or disorder
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Effects of Drugs
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Therapeutic effect- intended effects
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Side effects- not necessarily harmful
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Adverse effect- more info later
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Toxic effect- drug poisoning, can be very harmful (even life
threatening), drug must be stopped, may require supportive
treatment or anitdote
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Drug Concepts
 Site
of action- where drug action takes place
 Mechanism of action- how the drug works
 Lower receptor sites
 Agonists and antagonists- chemicals that
enhance of interfere with drug action
 Dose- amount given to produce specific effect
(individually determined)
 Response- effect of drug on site of action
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Proportional to amt given; ceiling effect- maximum
response attained; effects above ceiling effect- toxic
effects (overdose)
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Drug Safety
 FDA-
(Food and Drug Administration)governing body over medications
 Prior
to approval, each drug must fulfill two
requirements:
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Efficacy- proof of effectiveness
Safety-animal testing and controlled human testing
 One
of the first tests performed is the LD50
(lethal dose)
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LD50 is the dose that will kill 50% of animals tested
Results used to predict safety of the drug
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Drug Safety, cont.
 Adverse
Effects- can be harmful, may cause
organs to shut down or fail
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Most adverse effects are dose dependent: the higher
the dose the greater the chance of having adverse
effects. Certain tissues are affected more than others
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Liver, kidneys, brain, cardiovascular system
Drugs can cause: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
 May cause birth defects
 Promote cancerous tumors: carcinogens
 Some are not dependent on dosage
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Drug Safety, cont.
 Adverse
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effects, cont.
Changes in drug metabolism can lead to unusual
responses
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IdiosyncrasyDrug allergyAntigen-antibody reaction
Causes release of histamine
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Rashes
--bronchoconstriction
Hives
--edema
Itching
--dyspnea
Hypotension
Nasal secretion and congestion
Anaphylaxis: potentially fatal
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Drug Nomenclature
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Drugs will have at least three names:
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Chemical Name: usually the long complicated chemical name
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Generic Name: usually contraction of chemical name
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Trade Name: also known as brand name
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Given by manufacturer
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Can have as many brand names as there are manufacturers
producing it.
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Drug Nomenclature, cont.
 Drugs
divided into
 Prescription
(legal document, contains
instructions for pharmacist to dispense med)
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Require written or phone order
Who can write a prescription?
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Physician, veterinarian, dentist, etc…
In some cases: physcians assistant, nurse practitioner,
opticians
 Nonprescription
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Over the counter (OTC)
Can be purchased anywhere
Still carry certain risks
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Drug References
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United States Pharmacopoeia/National Formulary
(USP/NF)
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Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR)
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Most widely used by physcians, pharmacists, and nurses
Drugs Facts and Comparisons
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Official drug list recognized by U.S. govt.
Revised every 5 years
Updated monthly
United States Pharmacopeia Dispensing Information (USP
DI)
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Updated yearly
How old is medicine?
4,000 BC
1800s
1796
1987
1928
History of Medicine
 Materia Medica- 77 B.C.
 Pharmaceutical- of or about drugs, also a drug product
 Antitoxin- 1890
 Hormone- 1943
 Human Genome- 1988
The Health world Today
 In the 1900s, the average American lived only into
their early fifties. By 2000, that rose to 77 years
and as of 2007, it was 77.9 years.
 Think about why has happened.
 Do you think those results were similar
throughout the world?
 Eye Partner time!
Medicine Today
 A major factor in the increased health and life
expectancy seen in this century was the dramatic
growth in pharmaceutical medicine.
 Several things spurred this growth in
pharmaceuticals, but the one of the major
factors was World War II. It stimulated the U.S.
Pharmaceutical industry to dramatically boost
its capacity and production.
Regulation
 Boom of pharmaceuticals led to regulations
 Patenting laws became a way to protect your discovery
 FDA
Pharmacy Today
 Pharmacist- Account for more than half of the
distribution of Rx drugs in the US.
 Prescription (Rx) drugs – one that has been ordered or
“prescribed” by a physician or other licensed prescriber
to treat a patient
 Pharmacist- A trusted profession
 Group- Think back to when you were sick. What did you
do? Did you go to the pharmacy? Why or why not? What
is your perception of a pharmacist?
Pharmacy Settings
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The area of greatest
employment
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The second area of greatest
employment
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A fast growing area, most
people do it over the internet
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Residence facilities, like
assisted living or group homes
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Done at the patients dwelling
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Care that is controlled by an
insurer
 Community Pharmacies
 Mail order
 Home Care
 Hospitals
 Long term care
 Managed Care
Economic Trends
 Between 1970 and 2000, total health care costs in the US
increased by over 1,500 percent to $1.353 trillion dollars.
That number continues to increase with an increase of
over $2.726 trillion today!
 Movement to try to reduce healthcare
 HMOs
 “formularies”- generics
 “therapeutic substitution”
Computers in Pharmacy
Electronic Medical Records
VS
Electronic Health Records