Chapter_02_Medical_Specialties
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Transcript Chapter_02_Medical_Specialties
2-1
Types of Medical Practice
PowerPoint® presentation to accompany:
Medical Assisting
Third Edition
Booth, Whicker, Wyman, Pugh, Thompson
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
2-2
Learning Outcomes
2.1 Describe medical specialties and specialists.
2.2 Explain the purpose of the American Board of
Medical Specialties.
2.3 Describe the duties of several types of allied health
professionals with whom medical assistants may
work.
2.4 Name professional associations that may help
advance a medical assistant’s career.
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
2-3
Introduction
Medical assistants are an
integral part of the health-care
team
A working knowledge of
specialties and allied health
professionals enables the MA
to function better as a member
of the health-care team
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
2-4
Medical Specialties
Approximately 22
major medical
specialties exist
Specialized medical
care is driven by
advances in diagnosing
and treating various
diseases
Cardiology
Pediatrics
Adult
Note: Cardiology = specialty
Pediatrics and Adult = subspecialty
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Physician Education and Licensure
Bachelor’s Degree
Graduate from an Accredited Medical School
Pass the U.S. Medical Licensing Exam
Complete 2–6 Years of Residency
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Medical Specialists
Specialist
Functions
Medical doctors that treat all conditions and age
groups
Also called general practitioners or primary care
physicians by insurance companies
Refers patients to specialists for specific diseases
requiring specialized care
Family Practice
Allergist
Diagnoses and treats people with hypersensitivity to
substances such as drugs, chemicals, and elements in
nature
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Medical Specialists (cont.)
Specialist
Functions
Anesthesiologist
Administers
medications that alter
sensation and feelings during surgery
Bariatrics
Medical and surgical treatment of obesity
Cardiologist
Diagnoses and treats diseases of the
heart and blood vessels
Dermatologist
Diagnoses and treats diseases of the skin,
hair, and nails
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Medical Specialists (cont.)
Specialist
Functions
Doctor of
Osteopathy
Emergency
Medicine
Physician
Endocrinologist
Uses eyes and hands to identify
structural problems and promote natural
healing
Works in hospital emergency rooms
Diagnoses and treats medical crises and
accidents
Diagnoses and treats disorders of the
endocrine system, which regulates many
body functions
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Medical Specialists (cont.)
Specialist
Gastroenterologist
Gerontologist
Gynecologist
Internist
Functions
Diagnoses and treats disorders related to
the stomach, intestines, and other organs
Diagnoses and treats problems and
diseases affecting older adults
Diagnoses and treats diseases of the female
reproductive system
Diagnoses and treats problems related to
internal organs
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Medical Specialists (cont.)
Specialist
Nephrologist
Neurologist
Obstetrician
Oncologist
Functions
Studies, manages, and diagnoses diseases
of the kidney
Diagnoses and treats disorders and diseases
of the nervous system
Studies pregnancy, labor and delivery, and
postpartum
Identifies and treats patients with
cancer
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Medical Specialists (cont.)
Specialist
Function
Ophthalmologist
Diagnoses and treats diseases and
disorders of the eye
Orthopedist
Diagnoses and treats diseases and
disorders of muscles and bones
Otorhinolaryngogolist
Diagnoses and treats ear, nose, and
throat disorders
Pathologist
Studies bodily changes produced by
disease processes
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Medical Specialists (cont.)
Specialist
Function
Pediatrician
Diagnoses and treats childhood diseases
Physiatrist
Diagnoses and treats diseases and disorders
with physical therapy
Podiatrist
Treats disorders of the foot
Plastic Surgeon
Performs reconstruction, correction, and
improvement of body structures
Radiologist/
Nuclear Medicine
Uses x-rays and radioactive substances
to diagnose and treat diseases
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2-13
Medical Specialists (cont.)
Specialist
Function
Sports Medicine
Surgeon
Urologist
Subspecialty of medicine dealing with
treatment and preventative care of
athletes
Uses hands and instruments to
diagnose, correct, and treat injuries,
diseases, and deformities
Diagnoses and treats diseases of the
kidneys, bladder, and urinary system
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
2-14
Apply Your Knowledge
Name the medical specialists who would be involved in the care
of a 6-month-old infant with massive burns over 90% of the body
and indicate how each specialist will contribute to the care for this
situation.
ANSWER: The following specialists would be involved in the care of this
patient:
•Pediatrician because of the age of the infant
•Plastic surgeon to perform skin grafting
Correct!
•Dermatologist for skin, hair, and nail repair
•Emergency medicine for treatment during medical crisis
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
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Health-Care Team
Doctors
Nurses
PATIENT
Medical Assistants
Specialists
Knowing the duties of other health-care team members
will help you be a more effective team member.
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Allied Health Professionals
Discipline
Acupuncturist
Function
Treats pain or discomfort by
inserting thin, hollow needles under
the skin to balance the opposing
forces of yin and yang
Based on Chinese beliefs
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Allied Health Professionals (cont.)
Discipline
Chiropractor
Electroencephalographic
(EEG) Technologist /
Technician
Function
Treats disorders without drugs or
surgery by making adjustments to
realign the vertebrae in the spine
Is an independent practitioner
Electroencephalography is the study
and recording of the brain’s electrical
activity
EEG technicians work in hospitals,
physicians’ offices, and clinics
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Allied Health Professionals (cont.)
Discipline
Electrocardiograph
(ECG) Technician
Function
ECG technicians operate
electrocardiograph machines that
record the heart’s electrical impulses
ECG technicians work in hospitals
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Allied Health Professionals (cont.)
Discipline
Function
Massage Therapist
Promotes muscle and full body relaxation;
increases circulation and lymph flow
One of the oldest methods to promote
healing
Medical
Administrative
Assistant
Provides administrative support to medical,
professional, and technical personnel
Transcribing dictation
Composing correspondence
Works in hospitals, clinics, etc.
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Allied Health Professionals (cont.)
Discipline
Function
Extraction and coding of medical information from
patient records
Preparation of insurance claims to maximize
reimbursement and ensure ethical standards in the
profession
Medical Billing
and Coding
Medical
Records
Technologist
Organizes, analyzes, and evaluates medical records
Compiles administrative and health statistics, code
symptoms, and inputs and retrieves computerized
health data
Registered Records Administrator (RRA)
and Accredited Records Technician (ART)
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Allied Health Professionals (cont.)
Discipline
Medical Office
Administrator /
Manager
Function
Manages the practice of a physician or a group practice
Coordinates records and filing
Oversees office staff
May also greet patients, make appointments, and
perform general secretarial tasks
Requires knowledge of
Computer application software
Advanced document processing skills
Accounting
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Allied Health Professionals (cont.)
Discipline
Function
Medical Technology – includes:
Performs lab tests under supervision of
physicians or medical technologists
1- or 2-year degree
Works in hospital labs, clinics, etc.
Clinical
Laboratory
Technician (CLT)
Medical
Technologist
Performs lab tests and procedures such as
examining body fluids and tissues
Has a 4-year degree
Works in clinics, industry, hospitals,
research, etc.
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Allied Health Professionals (cont.)
Discipline
Function
Medical
Transcriptionist
Translates a physician’s dictation into comprehensive,
Mental Health
Technician
(Psychiatric Aide or
Counselor)
typed records
Works in attorney offices, insurance companies,
hospitals, physician offices, clinics, and laboratories
Participates in supervising group therapy and
counseling sessions
Works with emotionally disturbed and
mentally challenged patients
Work settings include psychiatric clinics, crisis centers
and shelters, hospital psychiatric units, and specialized
nursing home settings
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Allied Health Professionals (cont.)
Discipline
Nuclear
Medicine
Technologist
Function
Completes either a 2-year or 4-year program
Works in hospitals, physician offices, or public
health institutions
Duties include:
Overseeing quality control
Preparing and administering radioactive drugs
Operating radiation detection instruments
Positioning patients
Performing imaging procedures
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Allied Health Professionals (cont.)
Discipline
Occupational
Therapist
Function
Helps patients attain maximum physical and
mental health through the use of educational,
vocational, and rehabilitation activities
Has a 4-year degree plus 9- to 12-month
internship at an accredited hospital
Work settings include:
Hospital
Government agency
Rehabilitation hospital
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Allied Health Professionals (cont.)
Discipline
Pharmacy
Function
Dispensing of medications and health supplies
Employment in hospitals, clinics, nursing homes,
pharmaceutical companies, or private or chain
pharmacies
Three levels of educational training for pharmacy careers
Pharmacist Technician (CPhT) - 2 year programs
Registered Pharmacist (RPh) - 5 years of college
Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) - 6 to 7 years of
college with residency
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Allied Health Professionals (cont.)
Discipline
Phlebotomist
Function
Draws blood for diagnostic laboratory testing
Receives advanced phlebotomy training that
allows him/her to draw blood under difficult
circumstances
Most states require phlebotomists to be
certified by the National Phlebotomy
Association or registered by the American
Society of Clinical Pathologists
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
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Allied Health Professionals (cont.)
Discipline
Physical
Therapist (PT)
Function
Has a bachelor’s degree in physical therapy
and must pass a state board examination
May work in hospitals, rehabilitation centers,
outpatient clinics, private practice, or sports
medicine center
Improves patient functioning by using:
Electricity, heat, and cold
Ultrasound and massage
Exercise
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
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Allied Health Professionals (cont.)
Discipline
Physician
Assistant (PA)
Function
Provides direct patient care under the
supervision of a licensed physician
Training requirements vary; many states
require certification and registration with the
state medical board
Works in a variety of settings: private
practice, nursing homes, hospitals, etc.
Some states allow PAs to write prescriptions
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
2-30
Allied Health Professionals (cont.)
Discipline
Radiographer (Xray Technician)
Radiographic
Technologist
Function
Assists
a radiologist in taking x-ray films
May be employed in hospitals, physicians’ offices,
clinics, government agencies, etc.
Trained in x-ray theory and practical applications as
well as radioactive materials
May specialize in radiation therapy, radiography, or
nuclear medicine
Works in hospitals, clinics, medical laboratories, and
medical practices
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Allied Health Professionals (cont.)
Discipline
Registered
Dietitian
Function
Also
called nutritionist
Assists patients and family with nutrition planning
May prepare and serve food to groups
Work settings include:
Community health agencies
Hospitals
Clinics
Private practices
Teaching and consulting
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Allied Health Professionals (cont.)
Discipline
Respiratory
Therapist
Function
Works under the supervision of a physician
Works in hospitals, physicians’ offices,
nursing homes, and commercial companies
Evaluates, treats, and cares for patients with
respiratory problems such as:
Asthma
Emphysema
Pneumonia
Bronchitis
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
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Nursing Careers
Training
Nursing Aide/
Assistant
1 week to 3
months
Sample Duties
Practical/
Vocational
Nurse (LPN,
LVN)
1 year
Bed making
Vital signs
Bathing patients
Vital signs
Medication administration
Dressing changes
Assists registered nurses and
physicians
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Registered Nurse (RN)
Title
Training
Associate Degree RN (ADN)
2 years
Diploma RN
3 years
Baccalaureate RN (BSN)
4 years
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Nursing Careers
Title
Registered
Nurse (RN)
Function
RN designation once state boards are passed
Responsible for planning, providing, and
supervising bedside care of patients
Work
settings include
Hospitals, nursing homes, and physicians’ offices
Public health agencies and government agencies
Educational settings
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
2-36
Nursing Careers (cont.)
Title
Nurse
Practitioner
(NP)
Function
An
RN that functions in an expanded role
Requires a minimum of a Master’s degree
and 4 to 12 months of formal training or an
apprenticeship
Duties include:
Physical examinations
Treating common illnesses and injuries
Many states allow NPs to write prescriptions
Patient education
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
2-37
Apply Your Knowledge
If you had to choose other health-care team members to plan the
care for a 68-year-old patient recently diagnosed with a stroke,
who has a history of seizure disorders, which would you choose,
and why?
ANSWER: The health-care team members that might participate in this patient’s care
are:
•Physical therapist for decreased mobility due to stroke
•Pharmacist to review medications
Good
•Nutritionist for dietary evaluation and possible modifications
Job!
•EEG technician to perform EEG for brain electrical activity
•Nursing staff (RN, LPN, CNA)
•Other health-care professionals will also be part of the team!
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
2-38
Specialty Career Options for MAs
Require additional education or training
Many options available – check:
Local and medical college libraries
State employment agencies
Health career opportunities in local newspapers
Directly with companies where you might seek
employment
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
2-39
Specialty Career Options (cont.)
Specialty
Function
Anesthetist’s
Assistant
Certified
Laboratory
Assistant
Provides anesthetic care under direct supervision of the
anesthetist
Works in hospitals and high-technology surgical centers
Assists in evaluating patient mental and physical status
Performs lab procedures such as bacteriology,
chemistry, hematology, parasitology, serology, and
urinalysis
Supervised by medical technologists or hospital
pathologists
Works in labs, clinics, physicians’ offices, etc.
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2-40
Specialty Career Options (cont.)
Specialty
Function
Can practice without formal education or training
Performs both administrative and lab functions
Works in private practice, clinics, schools, local health
agencies, and for insurance companies
Dental Assistant
Emergency
Medical
Technician /
Paramedic
Referred to as an EMT
Trained to triage patients and follow instructions from a
physician
Works for an ambulance service or in fire department,
hospital emergency room, or private industry
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2-41
Specialty Career Options (cont.)
Specialty
Function
Supervised by occupational therapists
Teaches fine motor skills, occupations, and the arts to
patients with mental and physical disabilities
Earns a 2-year degree
Occupational
Therapist
Assistant
Ophthalmic
Assistant
Assists ophthalmologists
Performs simple vision testing and other procedures
Three ophthalmic career levels:
Technologist
Technician
,Assistant
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2-42
Specialty Career Options (cont.)
Specialty
Function
Supervised by a pathologist
Some work with forensic and/or anatomic
pathologists
Performs laboratory duties and some administrative
functions
Pathologist
Assistant
Pediatric Medical
Assistant
Assists
the pediatrician with administrative and
clinical duties
Works in private practice, hospitals, and clinics
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
2-43
Specialty Career Options (cont.)
Specialty
Pharmacy
Technician
Physical
Therapy
Assistant
Function
Performs routine tasks related to record keeping and
preparing and dispensing medications
Works in hospitals, pharmaceutical firms, and wholesale
pharmacies
Works directly under the physical therapist
Performs tests and treatment procedures
Observes and documents patient responses to therapy
Works in hospitals, rehabilitation centers, nursing homes,
etc.
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
2-44
Specialty Career Options (cont.)
Specialty
Function
Radiation
Therapy
Technologist
Assists
the radiologist
Maintains radiation treatment equipment
Completes a 2-or 4-year education program
Works in hospitals, labs, clinics, and physicians’ offices
Respiratory
Therapy
Technician
Works under supervision of physician and respiratory
therapist
Performs artificial ventilation and maintains respiratory
equipment
Works in hospitals, physician offices, nursing homes,
etc.
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
2-45
Specialty Career Options (cont.)
Specialty
Function
Evaluates, diagnoses, and counsels patients with
communication problems like stuttering
Usually has a Master’s Degree
Works in schools, hospitals, research settings, or
private practice
Speech /
Language
Pathologist
Surgical
Technician
Completes
a 2-year or 4-year degree
Provides patient services under direct supervision of a
surgeon
Performs diagnostic and therapeutic procedures
Works primarily in hospitals
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
2-46
Professional Associations
Involvement in issues and activities relevant
to your profession
Opportunities for continuing
education
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
2-47
Professional Associations (cont.)
American Association of Medical Assistants (AAMA)
American Association for Medical Transcription (AAMT)
American College of Physicians (ACP)
American Hospital Association (AHA)
American Medical Association (AMA)
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
2-48
Professional Associations (cont.)
American Medical Technologist (AMT)
American Pharmaceutical Association (APhA)
American Society of Clinical Pathologists (ASCP)
American Society of Phlebotomy Technicians (ASPI)
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
2-49
JCAHO
Non-profit organization
Goal is to maintain and elevate the standards
of health-care delivery by health-care
organizations
Evaluation
Accreditation
Accreditation is significant factor in gaining
reimbursement from Medicare and managed
care organizations
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
2-50
Council of Ethical and Judicial Affairs (CEJA)
Develops policy for the AMA
Addresses timely ethical issues
Maintains and updates
the AMA Code of Ethics
Comprehensive ethics guide for physicians
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
2-51
Apply Your Knowledge
Which of the professional organizations listed below are
primarily for the role(s) of medical assistants?
AMA
ANSWER:
x AAMA
AHA
x AMT
ASCP
x
AAMT
ACP
APhA
Right
Answer!
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
2-52
In Summary
Career options for medical assistants
Offices of specialists and subspecialists
Specialty career options
Professional organizations
Information about issues and activities
Medical assisting field
Specialty or subspecialty of employer
Benefits to members
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
2-53
The End
They go the extra mile. They give their hearts,
and lead with great minds.
—Sharon Hudacek
From A Daybook for Nurses: Making a Difference Each Day
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved