Transcript History and Trends of Health Care

Chapter 01
History and Trends of
Health Care
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1:1 History of Health Care
• Some treatment methods used today are
from ancient times
• Herbs utilized in the past for both food and
medicine are found in medications today
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Ancient Times
• Illness and disease were believed to be caused
by evil spirits and demons or as punishment
from the gods
• Health records were first recorded by the
ancient Egyptians
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Ancient Times (continued)
• Chinese believed in the need to cure the spirit
and nourish the body
• Hippocrates and other physicians in
ancient Greece established the importance of
diet and cleanliness in preventing illness and
disease
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Ancient Times (continued)
• Romans implemented use of sewers for waste
and aqueducts (waterways) for clean water
• In ancient times causes of disease had not
been discovered and many illnesses were fatal
• Average life span of 20 to 35 years
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The Dark Ages and Middle Ages
• Interest in the medical practices of Greeks and
Romans
• In the 1300s an epidemic of bubonic plague
killed nearly 75% of the population of Europe
and Asia
• Average life span of 20 to 35 years
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The Renaissance
• Rebirth of the science of medicine
• Human dissection to view body organs
• Printing press allowed publication of medical
books
• Causes of disease were still a mystery
• Average life span of 30 to 40 years
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The 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries
• Knowledge of human body greatly increased
• Invention of microscope
• Apothecaries (early pharmacists) made,
prescribed, and sold medications
• Smallpox vaccine discovered
• Average life span of 40 to 50 years
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The 19th Century
• Industrial Revolution
– Development of machines
– Major progress in medical science
• Invention of stethoscope, nurse training
programs
• Infection control
• Average life span of 40 to 65 years
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The 20th Century
• Rapid growth in health care
• X-rays, medicines, and vaccines to prevent
disease developed
• The structure of DNA and research in gene
therapy (ongoing today)
• Health care plans
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The 20th Century (continued)
• First open-heart surgery in 1950s
• Computer technology in every aspect of
health care
• Unlimited possibilities for medical science in
the future
• Average life span of 60 to 80 years
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The 21st Century
• Human Genome Project
• Embryonic stem cell and cloned cell research
• Threat of bioterrorism with the use of biologic
agents as weapons
• Viruses that can cause pandemics
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1:2 Trends in Health Care:
Cost Containment
• Control rising cost of health care and achieve
maximum benefit for every dollar spent
• Reasons for increasing costs
– Technological advances
– Aging population
– Health-related lawsuits
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Cost Containment (continued)
• Methods
– Diagnostic related groups (DRGs)
– Combination of services
– Outpatient services
– Mass or bulk purchasing
– Early intervention and preventive services
– Energy conservation
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Home Health Care
• Industry grew rapidly when DRGs were
initiated
• Services provided in a patient’s home
• Trend is a return to home care of earlier years
• Form of cost containment
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Geriatric Care
• Care for the elderly
• Percentage of elderly population growing
rapidly
• Baby boomers entering geriatric age
• Need for more and different types of facilities
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OBRA
• Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) of
1987
• Federal regulation for long-term care and
home health care
• States must establish training and competency
evaluation programs for nursing/geriatric
assistants
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OBRA (continued)
• States must maintain a registry of qualified
individuals
• Requires compliance with patients’ and
residents’ rights
• States must establish guidelines so that these
rights are observed/enforced
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Telemedicine
• Use of video, audio, and computers to provide
medical/health care services
• Decreases need for medical center visits
• Decreases need for home health visits
• Telemedicine will be important to health care
delivery in the future
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Wellness
• State of optimum health
• Balance between physical, social, and mental
health
• Focus on disease prevention and quality of life
– Saves costs
• Exercise, nutrition, weight control, and healthy
living habits
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Wellness (continued)
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Physical wellness
Emotional wellness
Social wellness
Mental and intellectual wellness
Spiritual wellness
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Wellness
(continued)
• Holistic health care
– Treats the whole body, mind, and spirit
– Each person is unique and has different needs
– Uses many methods to diagnose and treatment
– Emphasis on protection and restoration
– Promotes body’s natural healing powers
– Health care worker respects patient choice
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Complementary and Alternative
Methods of Health Care
• Complementary therapies: used in
conjunction with conventional therapies
• Alternative therapies: used in place of
biomedical therapies
• Integrative health care: uses mainstream and
CAM therapies in treatment
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Complementary and Alternative
Methods of Health Care (continued)
• Holistic approach
– Belief that effect on one part effects whole person
• Based on belief that the person has a life
force or energy that can be used in the
healing process
• May vary by cultural values or beliefs
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Types of CAM Practitioners
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Ayurvedic
Chinese medicine
Chiropractors
Homeopaths
Hypnotists
Naturopaths
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Types of Therapies
• Refer to Table 1-8 in Text
• Most are noninvasive and holistic
• Often less expensive than traditional
treatments
• National Center for Complementary and
Alternative Medicine established in 1992
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Pandemic
• Disease outbreak over a wide geographic area
affecting high proportion of population
• WHO concern about influenza pandemics
– H5N1: avian flu
– H1N1: swine flu
• Viruses can mutate and exchange genetic
information
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Pandemic (continued)
• Government plans
– Education
– Vaccine production
– Antiviral drugs
– Developing protective public health measures
– International cooperation
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Conclusion
• Health care has changed and will continue to
change
• Workers must be constantly aware of changes
that occur
• Workers must make every attempt to learn
about trends
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May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.