Transcript Medicare, CPT, RVU: Update, Problems, & Directions

Maintaining and Expanding
Reimbursement Opportunities
in Psychology:
Medicare as a Benchmark
ilm 2004
Cape Fear Psychological Association
June 5, 2004
Antonio E. Puente, Ph.D.
Department of Psychology
University of North Carolina at
Wilmington
ilm 2004
Wilmington,
NC 28403
Contact Information
• Websites
– Univ = www.uncw.edu/people/puente
– Practice = www.clinicalneuropsychology.us
• E-mail
– University = [email protected]
– Practice = [email protected]
• Telephone
– University = 910.962.3812
– Practice = 910.509.9371
ilm 2004
Acknowledgments
Department of Psychology, UNC-Wilmington
NCPA Board of Directors, Practice Division, &
Staff
NAN Board of Directors, Executive Directors’
Office, Policy and Planning Committee, &
Professional Affairs and Information Office
Division 40 Board of Directors & Practice
Committee
Practice Directorate of the American
Psychological Association
American Medical Association’s CPT Staff
CMS Medical Policy Staff
ilm 2004
Selected Individuals (e.g., Jim Georgoulakis)
Background
(1988 – present)
 North Carolina Psychological Association (e)
 APA’s Policy & Planning Board; Div. 40 (e)
 American Medical Association’s Current Procedural
Terminology Committee (IV/V) (a)
 Health Care Finance Administration’s Working Group
for Mental Health Policy (a)
 Center for Medicare/Medicaid Services’ Medicare
Coverage Advisory Committee (fa)
 Consultant with the North Carolina Medicaid
Office;North Carolina Blue Cross/Blue Shield (a)
 NAN’s Professional Affairs & Information Office (a)
(legend; a = appointment, fa = federal appointment, e = elected)
ilm 2004
Purpose of Presentation
•
•
•
•
•
•
Increase Reimbursement
Increase Range, Type & Quality of Services
Decrease Fraud & Abuse
Provide Guidelines for Professional Services
Maintain Professional Stature Within Psychology
Increase Professional Stature in Health Care, in
general
ilm 2004
Variables Involved in
Reimbursement
• Level of Provider
– Physician versus Non-Physician
• Site of Service
– Inpatient versus Outpatient
• Diagnoses
– ICD (Health) versus Mental Health (DSM)
• Procedure
ilm 2004
Outline of Presentation
•
•
•
•
•
Medicare
Procedure Codes: CPT System
Valuing Codes: Relative Value Units
Current Problems & Possible Solutions
Future Directions & Problems
ilm 2004
Medicare: Overview
• Why Focus on Medicare
• The Medicare Program
• Local Medical Review (policy & panels)
ilm 2004
Medicare: Why
• The Standard
–
–
–
–
Coding
Value
Documentation
Fraud
• Most Institutions Are Appling Medicare Concepts
• Approximately One Half of Outpatient Offices
• Becoming the Standard for Workers
Compensation
• Increasing Percentage for Forensic Work
ilm 2004
Medicare: Overview
• New Name: HCFA now CMS
– Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
• New Charge: Simplify
• New Organization: Beneficiary, Medicare,
Medicaid
• Benefits
– Part A (Hospital)
– Part B (Supplementary)
– Part C (Medicare+ Choice)
ilm 2004
– Pharmaceutical
Medicare: Local Review
• Local Medical Review Policy
– LMRP vs National Policy
– Location of LMRPs
• Carrier Medical Director
– A Physician-based Model
• Policy Panels
– Lack of Understanding of Their Roles
– Lack of Representation on Such Panels
ilm 2004
Medicare Payment
(since 1993)
• Surgical
– Higher Reimbursement than Cognitive
• Cognitive
– Physician Cognitive Work
– Supporting Equipment & Staff
ilm 2004
Medicare Payment
• When to Bill
– inpatient - discharge, monthly
– Outpatient – therapy = after visit; testing = ?
• Participating Vs. Nonparticipating
– 95 vs. 100%
• Specialty, Provider & Revenue Codes
– Specialty = 62
– Provider type = 35
– Revenue = facility based
ilm 2004
Current Procedural Terminology:
Overview
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Background
Codes & Coding
Existing Codes
Model System X Type of Problem
Medical Necessity
Documenting
Time
ilm 2004
CPT: Background
• American Medical Association
– Developed by Surgeons (& Physicians) in
1966 for Billing Purposes
– 7,500+ Discrete Codes
• CMS
– AMA Under License with CMS
– CMS Now Provides Active Input into CPT
ilm 2004
CPT: Background/Direction
• Current System = CPT 5
• Categories
– I= Standard Coding for Professional Services
– II = Performance Measurement
– III = Emerging Technology
ilm 2004
CPT: Applicable Codes
• Total Possible Codes = Approximately 7,500
• Possible Codes for Psychology = Approximately
40 to 60
• Sections = Five Separate Sections
–
–
–
–
–
–
Psychiatry
Biofeedback
Central Nervous Assessment
Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
Health & Behavior Assessment & Management
Possibly, Evaluation & Management
ilm 2004
CPT: Development of a Code
• Initial
– Health Care Advisory Committee (non-MDs)
• Primary
– CPT Work Group
– CPT Panel
• Time Frame
– 3-6 years
ilm 2004
CPT: Psychiatry
• Sections
– Interview vs. Intervention
– Office vs. Inpatient
– Regular vs. Evaluation & Management
– Other
• Types of Interventions
– Insight, Behavior Modifying, and/or Supportive
vs. Interactive
ilm 2004
CPT: Psychiatry (cont.)
• Time Values
– 30, 60, (or 90)
• Interview
– 90801
• Intervention
– 90804 - 90857
ilm 2004
Typical Psychotherapy Codes
• Individual
– 20-30 = 90804 (16)
– 45-50 = 90806 (18)
• Other
– Family (with pt) = 90847
– Group psychotherapy = 90853
ilm 2004
Biofeedback
• Biofeedback
– 90901
• (Psychophysiological Therapy)
– 20-30’ =90875
ilm 2004
CPT: CNS Assessment
(all per hour & with report)
• Interview
– Neurobehavioral Status Exam = 96115
• Testing
– Psychological = 96100; 96110/11
– Neuropsychological = 96117
– Developmental = 96111 (not per hour)
– Other = 96105, 96110/111
ilm 2004
CPT: 96117 in Detail
• Number of Encounters;
– 2000 = 293,000
– 2003 = 341,777 (96100 = 193,593)
• Number of Medical Specialties Using
96117 = over 40
• Psychiatry & Neurology = Approximately
3% each
• Clinics or Other Groups = 3%
• Primary Provider = clinical psychologist
ilm 2004
CPT: Physical Medicine &
Rehabilitation
• 97770 now 97532
– Note: 15 minute increments
ilm 2004
CPT: Health & Behavior
Assessment & Management
•
•
•
•
Purpose: Medical Diagnosis
Time: 15 Minute Increments
Assessment
Intervention
ilm 2004
CPT: Health & Behavior Codes
History
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
APA Interdivisional Health Committee
First Draft (5) of Codes – 09.11.98
First HCPAC Presentation – 11.06.98
First CPT (4) Presentation – 08.14.99
Workgroup Meeting – 12.17.99
CMS Acceptance = 11.01.02
Revisions to Language = ongoing
ilm 2004
Rationale: General
• Acute or chronic (health) illness which
does not meet the criteria for a psychiatric
diagnosis
• Avoids inappropriate labeling of a patient
as having a mental health disorder
• Increases the accuracy of correct coding
of professional services
• May expand the type of assessments and
interventions afforded to individuals with
ilm 2004
health problems
Rationale: Continued
• The Problem with the Preamble
– Prevention Codes are not reimbursed
– Original wording suggested the possibility of
preventing a disease
– Wording change reduced that possibility
– Now some carriers have interpreted the wording
change to mean; if there is now or if there ever was a
mental health diagnosis, these codes would not apply
– We are attempting to change the preamble wording
ilm 2004
Rationale: Specific Examples
•
•
•
•
•
Patient Adherence to Medical Treatment
Symptom Management & Expression
Health-promoting Behaviors
Health-related Risk-taking Behaviors
Overall Adjustment to Medical Illness
ilm 2004
Overview of Codes
• New Subsection
• Six New Codes
– Assessment
– Intervention
• Established Medical Illness or Diagnosis
• Focus on Biopsychosocial Factors
ilm 2004
Assessment Explanation
• Identification of psychological, behavioral,
emotional, cognitive, and social factors
• In the prevention, treatment, and/or
management of physical health problems
• Focus on biopsychosocial factors (not
mental health)
ilm 2004
Assessment (continued)
• May include (examples);
– health-focused clinical interview
– behavioral observations
– psychophysiological monitoring
– health-oriented questionnaires
– and, assessment/interpretation of the
aforementioned
ilm 2004
Intervention Explanation
• Modification of psychological, behavioral,
emotional, cognitive, and/or social factors
• Affecting physiological functioning,
disease status, health, and/or well being
• Focus = improvement of health with
cognitive, behavioral, social, and/or
psychophysiological procedures
ilm 2004
Intervention (continued)
• May include the following procedures
(examples);
– Cognitive
– Behavioral
– Social
– Psychophysiological
ilm 2004
Diagnosis Match
• Associated with acute or chronic illness
• Prevention of a physical illness or disability
• Not meeting criteria for a psychiatric
diagnosis or representing a preventative
medicine service
ilm 2004
Related Psychiatric Codes
• If psychiatric services are required (9080190899) along with these, report
predominant service
• Do not report psychiatric and these codes
on the same day
ilm 2004
Related Evaluation &
Management Codes
• Do not report Evaluation & Management
codes the same day
ilm 2004
Code X Personnel (examples)
• Physicians (pediatricians, family physicians,
internists, & psychiatrists)
• Psychologists
• Advanced Practice Nurses
• Clinical Social Workers Excluded
• Other health care professionals within their
scope of practice who have specialty or
subspecialty training in health and behavior
assessments and interventions
ilm 2004
Health & Behavior Assessment
Codes
• 96150
– Health and behavior assessment (e.g.,
health-focused clinical interview, behavioral
observations, psychophysiological
monitoring, health-oriented questionnaires)
– each 15 minutes
– face-to-face with the patient
– initial assessment
• 96151
– re-assessment
ilm 2004
Health & Behavior Intervention
Codes
• 96152
– Health and behavior intervention
– each 15 minutes
– face-to-face
– individual
• 96153
– group (2 or more patients)
• 96154
– family (with the patient present)
• 96155
ilm 2004
– family (without the patient present)
Relative Values for Health &
Behavior A/I Codes
•
•
•
•
•
•
96150
96151
96152
96153
96154
96155
=
=
=
=
=
=
.50
.48
. 46
.10
.45
.44
ilm 2004
Expected Payment for Health &
Behavior Codes
• Individual (per hour)
– Range $98-106
• Group (per person/ per hour)
– Approximately $22
ilm 2004
96150 Clinical Example
• A 5-year-old boy undergoing treatment for
acute lymphoblastic leukemia is referred for
assessment of pain, severe behavioral
distress and combativeness associated with
repeated lumbar punctures and intrathecal
chemotherapy administration. Previously
unsuccessful approaches had included
pharmacologic treatment of anxiety (ativan),
conscious sedation using Versed and finally,
chlorohydrate, which only exacerbated the
child’s distress as a result of partial sedation.
General anesthesia was ruled out because
the child’s asthma increased anesthesia
ilm 2004
respiratory risk to unacceptable
levels.
96150 Description of Procedure
• The patient was assessed using standardized tests
and questionnaires (e.g., the Information-seeking
scale, Pediatric Pain Questionnaire, Coping
Strategies Inventory) which, in view of the child’s age,
were administered in a structured format. The
medical staff and child’s parents were also
interviewed. On the day of a scheduled medical
procedure, the child completed a self-report distress
questionnaire.Behavioral observations were also
made during the procedure using the CAMPIS-R, a
structured observation scale that quantifies child,
parent, and medical staff behavior.
• An assessment of the patient’s condition was
performed through the administration of various
health and behavior instruments.
ilm 2004
96151 Clinical Example
• A 35-year-old female, diagnosed with chronic asthma,
hypertension and panic attacks was originally seen ten months
ago for assessment and follow-up treatment. Original
assessment included extensive interview regarding patient’s
emotional, social, and medical history, including her ability to
manage problems related to the chronic asthma,
hospitalizations, and treatments. Test results from original
assessment provided information for treatment planning which
included health and behavior interventions using a combination
of behavioral cognitive therapy, relaxation response training and
visualization. After four months of treatment interventions, the
patient’s hypertension and anxiety were significantly reduced
and thus the patient was discharged. Now six months following
discharge, the patient has injured her knee and has undergone
arthroscopic surgery with follow-up therapy
ilm 2004
96151 Description of
Procedure
• Patient was seen to reassess and evaluate
psychophysiological responses to these new health
stressors. A review of the records from the initial
assessment, including testing and treatment
intervention, as well as current medical records was
made. Patient’s affective and physiological status,
compliance disposition, and perceptions of efficacy of
relaxation and visualization practices utilized during
previous treatment intervention are examined.
Administration of anxiety inventory/questionnaire
(e.g., Burns Anxiety Inventory) is used to quantify
patient’s current level of response to present health
stressors and compared to original assessment
levels. Need for further treatment is evaluated.
• A reassessment of the patients
condition was
ilm 2004
performed through the use of interview and
96152 Clinical Example
• A 55-year-old executive has a history of cardiac
arrest, high blood pressure and cholesterol, and a
family history of cardiac problems. He is 30 lbs.
overweight, travels extensively for work, and reports
to be a moderate social drinker. He currently smokes
one-half pack of cigarettes a day, although he had
periodically attempted to quit smoking for up to five
weeks at a time. The patient is considered by his
physician to be a “Type A” personality and at high risk
for cardiac complications. He experiences angina
pains one or two times per month. The patient is
seen by a behavior medicine specialist. Results from
the health and behavior assessment are used to
develop a treatment plan, taking into account the
patient’s coping skills and
lifestyle.
ilm 2004
96152 Description of Procedure
• Weekly intervention sessions focus on
psychoeducational factors impacting his
awareness and knowledge about his disease
process, and the use of relaxation and guided
imagery techniques that directly impact his
blood pressure and heart rate. Cognitive and
behavioral approaches for cessation of
smoking and initiation of an appropriate
physician-prescribed diet and exercise
regimen are also employed.
ilm 2004
96153 Clinical Example
• A 45-year-old female is referred for smoking
cessation secondary to chronic bronchitis,
with a strong family history of emphysema.
She smokes two packs per day. The health
and behavior assessment reveals that the
patient uses smoking as a primary way of
coping with stress. Social Influences
contributing to her continued smoking include
several friends and family members who also
smoke. The patient has made multiple
previous attempts to quit “on her own”. When
treatment options are reviewed, she is
receptive to the recommendation of an eightilm 2004 program.
session group cessation
96153 Description of Procedure
• The program components include educational
information (e.g., health risks, nicotine
addiction), cognitive-behavioral treatment
(e.g., self-monitoring, relaxation training, and
behavioral substitution), and social support
(e.g., group discussion, social skills training).
Participants taper intake over four weeks to a
quit date and then attend three more
sessions for relapse prevention. Each group
sessions lasts 1.5 hrs.
ilm 2004
96154 Clinical Example
• Tara is a 9-year-old girl, diagnosed with insulin dependent
diabetes two years ago. Her mother reports great difficulty with
morning and evening insulin injections and blood glucose
testing. Tara whines and cries, delaying the procedures for 30
minutes or more. She refused to give her own injections or
conduct her own blood glucose tests, claiming they “hurt”. Her
mother spends many minutes pleading for her cooperation.
Tara’s father refuses to participate, saying he is “afraid” of her
needles. Both parents have not been able to go to a movie or
dinner alone, because they know of no one who can care for
Tara. Tara’s ten year old sister claims she never has any time
with her mother, since her mother is always occupied with Tara’s
illness. Tara and her sister have a very poor relationship and
are always quarreling. Tara’s parents frequently argue; her
mother complains that she gets no help from her husband.
Tara’s father complains that his wife has no time for anyone
except Tara.
ilm 2004
96154 Description of Procedure
• A family-based approach is used to address the multiple
components of Tara’s problem behaviors. Relaxation and
exposure techniques are used to address Tara’s father’s
fear of injections, which he has inadvertently has been
modeling for Tara. Tara is taught relaxation and
distraction techniques to reduce the tension she
experiences with finger sticks and injections. Both parents
are taught to shape Tara’s behavior, praising and
rewarding successful diabetes management behaviors,
and ignoring delay tactics. Her parents are also taught
judicious use of time-out and response cost procedures.
Family roles and responsibilities are clarified. Clear
communication, conflict-resolution, and problem-solving
skills are taught. Family members practice applying these
skills to a variety of problems so that they will know how to
successfully address new problems that may arise in the
ilm 2004
future.
96155 Clinical Example
• Greg is a 42-year-old male diagnosed with
cancer of the pancreas. He is currently
undergoing both aggressive chemotherapy
and radiation treatments. However, his
prognosis is guarded. At present, he is not in
the endstage disease process and therefore
does not qualify for Hospice care. The patient
is seen initially to address issues of pain
management via imagery, breathing
exercises, and other therapeutic interventions
to assess quality of life issues, treatment
ilm 2004
options, and death and
dying issues.
96155 Description of Procedure
• Due to the medical protocol and the patient’s inability to travel to
additional sessions between hospitalizations, a plan is
developed for extending treatment at home via the patient’s
wife, who is his primary home caregiver. The patient’s wife is
seen by the healthcare provider to train the wife in how to assist
the patient in objectively monitoring his pain and in applying
exercises learned via his treatment sessions to manage pain.
Issues of the patient’s quality of life, as well as death and dying
concerns, are also addressed with assistance given to the wife
as to how to make appropriate home interventions between
sessions. Effective communication techniques with her
husband’s physician and other members of his treatment team
regarding his treatment protocols are facilitated.
ilm 2004
CPT: Modifiers
• Acceptability
– Medicare = about 100%
– Others = approximating 90%
• Modifiers
– 22 = unusual or more extensive service
– 51 = multiple procedures
– 52 = reduced service
– 53 = discontinued service
ilm 2004
CPT: Possibilities
• Telephone contact
– Established
– Very well defined
– Telephone web
– Telephone with documentation
ilm 2004
CPT Possibilities
• Work Related or Medical Disability Evaluation
Services
– 99450 Basic life and/or disability evaluation
– 99555 Evaluation by treating physician
– 99456 Evaluation by non-treating physician
would include;
history
evaluation
diagnosis
future treatment plans
completion of documentation/certificates
ilm 2004
CPT: Mutually Exclusive Codes
• 90804; 99294,-98, -99
• 90806; 99293, -94, -98, -99
• Possibly;
– Psychotherapy and Testing on Same Day
ilm 2004
CPT: Model System
•
•
•
•
Psychiatric
Neurological
Non-Neurological Medical
Possibly, Evaluation & Management
(in essence, case management)
ilm 2004
CPT: Psychiatric Model
(Children & Adult)
• Interview
– 90801
• Testing
– 96100, or
– 96110/11
• Intervention
– e.g., 90806
– The challenge of New Mexico & Louisiana
ilm 2004
CPT: Neurological Model
(Children & Adult)
• Interview
– 96115
• Testing
– 96117
• Intervention
– 97532
ilm 2004
CPT: Non-Neurological
Medical Model
(Children & Adult)
• Interview & Assessment
– 96150 (initial)
– 96151 (re-evaluation)
• Intervention
– 96152 (individual)
– 96153 (group)
– 96154 (family with patient)
ilm 2004
– 96155 (family without
patient)
CPT: New Paradigms
•
•
•
•
Initial, Psychiatric
Then, Neurological
Now, Medical
Next? Evaluation & Management?
ilm 2004
CPT: Evaluation & Management
• Role of Evaluation & Management Codes
– Procedures
– Case Management
• Limitations Imposed by AMA’s House of
Delegates for CMS but not for Private Payers
• Health & Behavior Codes as an Alternative to E
& M Codes
• The Use of E & M Codes is Accepted by Some
Third Party Reimburses (e.g., MedCost)
– Example; 99201 New Patient
ilm 2004
CPT: Diagnosing
• Psychiatric
– DSM
• The problem with DSM and neuropsych testing of
developmentally-related neurological problems
• Neurological & Non-Neurological Medical
– ICD (or see NAN Paio web page; membership
directory)
ilm 2004
CPT: Medical Necessity
• Scientific Versus Clinical Necessity
• Local Medical Review or Carrier
Definitions of Necessity
• Necessity = CPT x DX
• Necessity Dictates Type and Level of
Service
• Necessity Can Only be Proven with
Appropriate Documentation
ilm 2004
CPT: Coding Matrices
• EMSCO & Fraud
• Underlying Problem = Medical Decision
Making
• Do not use:
– Coding Matrices
– Grids
– Related Shortcuts
ilm 2004
CPT: Documenting
•
•
•
•
•
•
Purpose
Payer Requirements
General Principles
History
Examination
Decision Making
ilm 2004
Documentation: Purpose
•
•
•
•
•
Medical Necessity
Evaluate and Plan for Treatment
Communication and Continuity of Care
Claims Review and Payment
Research and Education
ilm 2004
Documentation: Payer
Requirements
• Site of Service
• Medical Necessity for Service Provided
• Appropriate Reporting of Activity
ilm 2004
Documentation: General
Principles
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Rationale for Service
Complete and Legible
Reason/Rationale for Service
Assessment, Progress, Impression, or
Diagnosis
Plan for Care
Date and Identity of Observe
Timely
Confidential
ilm 2004
Documentation: Basic
Information Across All Codes
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Date
Time, if applicable
Identify of Observer (technician ?)
Reason for Service
Status
Procedure
Results/Finding
Impression/Diagnoses
Disposition
ilm 2004
Documentation: Basic
• One CPT code = One Documentation
Entry (i.e., do not mix)
• Each Entry Should be Stand Alone
ilm 2004
Documentation: Chief
Complaint
• Concise Statement Describing the
Symptom, Problem, Condition, &
Diagnosis
• Foundation for Medical Necessity
• Must be Complete & Exhaustive
ilm 2004
Documentation: Present Illness
• Symptoms
– Location, Quality, Severity, Duration, timing,
Context, Modifying Factors Associated Signs
• Follow-up
– Changes in Condition
– Compliance
ilm 2004
Documentation: History
•
•
•
•
Past
Family
Social
Medical/Psychological
ilm 2004
Documentation:
Mental Status
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Language
Thought Processes
Insight
Judgment
Reliability
Reasoning
Perceptions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
ilm 2004
Suicidality
Violence
Mood & Affect
Orientation
Memory
Attention
Intelligence
Documentation:
Neurobehavioral Status Exam
•
•
•
•
•
Attention
Memory
Visuo-spatial
Language
Planning
ilm 2004
Documentation: Testing
• Names of Tests (including edition/version)
• Interpretation of Tests (narrative; possibly
quantitative)
• Disposition
• Time/Dates
– In Hours (rounded to nearest hour; in
discussion with AMA staff at present)
– Document on Day Service is Provided
– Best to Separate from Interview
ilm 2004
Documentation:
Intervention
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Reason for Service
Status
Intervention
Results
Impression
Disposition
Time
ilm 2004
Documentation for Workers
Compensation/Disability
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Completion of comprehensive history
Performance of appropriate examination
Assessment of functional capacities
Referral for appropriate further testing
Recommendation for treatment
Preparation of report
Analysis of causation
Determination of impairment
Review of records
Review of prior treatment for medical necessity
Discussion with appropriate parties
Other case management activities
ilm 2004
Documentation:
Suggestions
•
•
•
•
Avoid Handwritten Notes
Do Not Use Red Ink
Avoid Color Paper
Document On and After Every Encounter,
Every Procedure, Every Patient
• Review Changes Whenever Applicable
• Avoid Standard Phrases (e.g., computer
generated reports could be problematic)
ilm 2004
Documentation: Ethical Issues
• How Much and To Whom Should
Information be Divulged
• Medical Necessity vs. Confidentiality
• HIPAA vs. Documentation
ilm 2004
Time
• Defining
– Professional (not patient) Time Including:
• pre, intra & post-clinical service activities
• Interview & Assessment Codes
– Generally use hourly increments
– For new codes, use 15 minute increments
• Intervention Codes
– Use 15, 30, or 60 minute increments
ilm 2004
Time: Definition
• AMA Definition of Time
• Physicians also spend time during work, before,
or after the face-to-face time with the patient,
performing such tasks as reviewing records &
tests, arranging for services & communicating
further with other professionals & the patient
through written reports & telephone contact.
ilm 2004
Time (continued)
• Communicating further with others
• Follow-up with patient, family, and/or
others
• Arranging for ancillary and/or other
services
ilm 2004
Time: Defined Further
• Evaluation Versus Therapy Time
– Therapy is Essentially Face to Face
– Testing is Essentially Professional Time
• Inpatient Versus Outpatient
- If Outpatient: face to face only for E & M
- If Inpatient: time on floor for E & M
ilm 2004
Time: Testing
• Quantifying Time
– Round up or down to nearest increment
– Testing = 15 or 60 (probably soon 30)
• Time Does Not Include
–
–
–
–
–
Patient completing tests, forms, etc.
Waiting time by patient
Typing of reports
Non-Professional (e.g., clerical) time
Literature searches, learning new techniques, etc.
ilm 2004
Time (continued)
•
•
•
•
Preparing to See Patient
Reviewing of Records
Interviewing Patient, Family, and Others
When Doing Assessments:
–
–
–
–
–
Selection of tests
Scoring of tests
Reviewing results
Interpretation of results
Preparation and report writing
ilm 2004
Time: Example of 96117
• Pre-Service
– Review of medical records
– Planning of testing
• Intra-Service
– Administration
• Post-Service
– Scoring, interpretation, integration with other
records, written report, follow-up...
ilm 2004
Reimbursement History
•
•
•
•
Cost Plus
Prospective Payment System (PPS)
Diagnostic Related Groups (DRGs)
Customary, Prevailing & Reasonable
(CPR)
• Resource Based Relative Value System
(RBRVS)
ilm 2004
Relative Value Units: Overview
•
•
•
•
Components
Units
Values
Current Problems
ilm 2004
RVU: Components
•
•
•
•
•
Physician Work Resource Value
Practice Expense Resource Value
Malpractice
Geographic
Conversion Factor (approx. $37)
ilm 2004
RVU: Values
• Psychotherapy:
– Prior Value =1.86
– New Value = 2.0+ (01.01.02)
• Psych/NP Testing:
– Work value= 0
– Hsiao study recommendation = 2.2
– New Value = undetermined
• Health & Behavior
– .25 (per 15 minutes increments)
ilm 2004
RVU Values
• Practice Expense
• Work Value
• Liability
=
=
=
ilm 2004
43.60%
52.47%
3.80%
RVU: Acceptance
•
•
•
•
•
•
Medicare 100%
Blue Cross/Blue Shield 87%
Managed Care 69%
Medicaid 55%
Other 44%
New Trends:
– RVUs as a Model for All Insurance Companies
– RVUs as a Basis for Compensation Formulas
ilm 2004
CPT x RVU
CPT
Code
Work
Value
Practice Malpractice
Expense Expense
Total
RVU
Mutually
Exclusive
90801 2.80
1.14
0.06
90806 1.86
0.75
0.04
4.00 90802, 90846, 90847,
90853, 99291, 99292
2.65 90801 (?)
96100 0
1.67
0.15
1.82 96110, 96 115
96115 0
1.67
0.15
1.82 - // -
96117 0
1.67
0.15
1.82 96110, 96111
96150 0.5
0.2
0.02
96152 0.46
0.18
0.02
0.72 96151, 96152, 96153,
96154, 96155
0.66 96150, 96151, 96153,
96154, 96155
ilm 2004
Current Problems
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Definition of Physician
Incident to
Supervision
Face-to-Face
Time
RVUs
Work Values
Qualification of Technicians
Practice Expense & Testing Survey
Payment
Prospective Payment System
Skilled Nursing & Rehabilitation Facilities
Provider Based Facilities
Medicaid
ilm 2004
Focus for Fraud & Abuse
Problem: Defining Physician
• Definition of a Physician
– Social Security Practice Act of 1980
– Definition of a Physician
– Need for Congressional Act
– Likelihood of Congressional Act
– The Value of Technical Services of a
Psychologist is $.83/hour (second highest
after physicist)
– Consequence of the preceding; grouping with
non-doctoral level allied
ilm 2004 health providers
Problem: Incident to
• Rationale for Incident to
– Congress intended to provide coverage for services
not typically covered elsewhere
• Definition of Physician Extender
– How
– Limitations
• Definition of In vs. Outpatient
– Geographic Vs Financial
• Why No Incident to (DRG)
• Solution Available for Some Training Programs
• Probably no Future to Incident to
ilm 2004
Problem: More Incident to
• When is “Incident to” Acceptable:
– Testing
– Cognitive Rehabilitation; Biofeedback
– Psychotherapy
• Supervision versus Independent Service
• Definition
–
–
–
–
Commonly furnished service
Integral, though incidental to psychologist
Performed under the supervision
Either furnished without charge or as part of the
psychologist’s charge
ilm 2004
Problem: Incident to & Site of
Service
• Outpatient vs. Inpatient
– Geographical Location
– Corporate Relationship
– Billing Service
– Chart Information & Location
ilm 2004
Problem:
Incident to versus Independent
Service
• When Does Incident to Become
Independent Service
– Appearance of No Supervision
– Clinical Decisions are Made by Staff
– Ratio of Physician to Staff Time Becomes
Disproportionate Small or Non-Existent
– Geographic Distance and Communication
Difficulties
– Supervision Difficulties
ilm 2004
Problems:
Recent Difficulties with Incident
to
• Who Bills Incident to
– Treating Physician Bills not the Supervising
Physician
– Then, Who is the Responsible Party
• The Physician Must Treat the Patient First
• Physician Bonuses Must Tied to a Groups’
Overall Pool of Income (e.g., not referral or
possibly individual productivity)
ilm 2004
Problem:Supervision
• Supervision
– 1.General = overall direction
– 2.Direct = present in office suite
– 3.Personal = in actual room
– 4.Psychological = when supervised by a
psychologist
ilm 2004
Problem: Face-to-Face
• Implications
• Technical versus Professional Services
• Surgery is the Foundation for CPT (and
most work is face-to-face)
• Hard to Document & Trace Non-Face-toFace Work
ilm 2004
Problem: Time
• Time Based Professional Activity
• Current =15, 30, 60, & 90
• Expected = 15 & 30
ilm 2004
Problem: RVUs
• Bad News
–
–
–
–
–
2000 = 5.5% increase
2001 = 4.5% increase
2002 = 5.4% decrease
2003 = 4.4 to 5.7% decrease ($34.14)
2004 = 1.5% increase ($37?)
• Really Bad News
– Bush Administration not supportive of changing the
conversion formula
– Change Continued to Probably 2005 Depending on
Such Factors as the Stock Market (e.g., 5000)
ilm 2004
Problem: Work Value
• Physician Activities (e.g., Psychotherapy)
Result in Work Values
• Psychological Based Activities (i.e.,
Testing) Have no Work Values
• RVUs are Heavily Based on Practice
Expenses (which are being reduced)
• Net Result = Maybe Up to a Half Lower
ilm 2004
Problem:
An Artificial Practice Expense
•
•
•
•
Five Year Reviews
Prior Methodology
Current Methodology
Current Value = approximately 1.5 of 1.75 is
practice
• Deadline for New Practice Expense = 2002
– Currently in Check Due to the Ongoing Survey
• Expected Value = closer to 50% of total value at
best
ilm 2004
Problem:
Work Value of Testing
• First Round
• Second Round
• Current Round
–
–
–
–
Tucson
San Juan
Boston
Boulder and Beyond
ilm 2004
Problem: Qualification of
Technician
• What is the Minimum Level of Training
Required for a Technician?
– Bachelor’s vs. Masters
– Intern vs. Postdoctoral
• Will a Registry be Available?
– Is This Something NAN and Division 40
Should Consider?
ilm 2004
Problem: Payment
• Origins of the Problem
– Balanced Budget Act of 1997
– Employer’s Cost for Health Care in 2002 =
$5,000 per employee
• What Should Your Code Be Payed at?
– www.webstore.ama-assn.org-
• State Legislation
– www.insure.com/health/lawtool.cfm
ilm 2004
Problem:
Payment Problems
• Payment Reduction Software Programs
– Claimcheck (McKesson product; Cigna, PacifiCare)
– Patterns (McKesson product; United)
• Refilling
– 51% require refilling of original forms
– But, up to 60% do not follow up
• Errors
– 54% = plan administrator
– 17% = provider
– 29% = member
ilm 2004
Problem: Payment
• Use of HMOs & Third Party
– Shift in Practice Patterns by Psychiatry (14%
increase)
– Exclusion of MSW, etc.
– Worst Hit Are Psychologists (2% decrease)
• Compensation
–
–
–
–
Gross Charges
Adjusted Charges
RVUs
Receivables
ilm 2004
Problem: Payment of Health &
Behavior Codes
• Medicare Almost all Resolved
• Non-Medicare Resolving
ilm 2004
Problem: PPS
•
•
•
•
Application of PPS (inpatient rehab)
Traditional Reimbursement
Current Unbundling
Potential Situation
ilm 2004
Problem:
Skilled Nursing Facility
• Consolidated Billing
• BBA 1997
– $1,500 total for outpatient services
• Excluded Codes in Consolidated Billing
– 96115 (Neurobehavioral Status Exam)
– 90901 & 90911 (Biofeedback)
ilm 2004
Problem: 65/75 Split for
Rehabilitation Facilities
• 75% Rule
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Stroke
Spinal Cord Injury
Congenital Deformity
Amputation
Multiple Trauma
Hip Fracture
Brain Injury
Arthritis
» Changing to 75% pf 20 of 21 Rehabilitation Impairment
Categories
» Possibly changing to 65%
ilm 2004
Problem:
Provider-Based Facilities
• Is Facility Located on Main Hospital
Campus or Within 35 Miles of it
• Appropriate Reporting Relationship Exists
Between Hospital and Clinical Staff
• Medicare Cost Report Includes Facility
• Records are Fully Integrated
• Facility is Presented to the Public as Part
of the Hospital
ilm 2004
Problem: Expenditures & Fraud
• Projections
– Current
• 14%
– By 2011;
• 17% ($2.8 trillion)
ilm 2004
Problems: Expenditures & Fraud
• Examples
– New York (08.2003)
• Sharing a provider number
• Physical therapy services provided under provider number
– New York (05.2003)
• Falsifying services that were not rendered
– West Virginia (02.2003)
• Presigned on Saturdays, services performed during week
– Nadolni Billing Service (Memphis)
• $5 million in claims to CIGNA for psychological services
• $250,000 fine (& tax evasion)
ilm 2004
Defining Fraud
• Fraud
– Intentional
– Pattern
• Error
– Clerical
– Dates
ilm 2004
Problem: Fraud & Abuse
•
•
•
•
26 Different Kinds of Fraud Types
Mental Health Profiled
Estimates of Less Than 10% Recovered
Psychotherapy Estimates/Day = 9.67
hours
– Review Likely if Over 12 Hours Per Day
• Problems with Methodology;
– MS level and RN
– Limited Sampling
ilm 2004
Problem: Fraud
Office of Inspector General
• Primary Problems
– Medical Necessity (approximately $5 billion)
– Documentation
• Psychotherapy
(oig.hhs/gov/reports/region5/50100068)
–
–
–
–
Individual
Group
# of Hours
Who Does the Therapy
• Psychological Testing
– # of Hours
– Documentation
ilm 2004
Problem:
Fraud & “The Orange Book”
• Contractor Operations
– Strengthen Regional Offices Oversight
– Improve Evaluation of Fraud Unit
– Prevent Duplicate Payments for Same Service
• Hospital Operations
– Identify Patterns of Aberrant Overpayment
– Improve External Review of Psychiatric Hospitals
• Managed Care
– Retool Medicaid Programs for Managed Care
• Nursing Homes
– Improve Assessments of Mental Illness
– Identify Patients with Mental Illness
ilm 2004
Problem:
The “Orange Book” (continued)
• Physicians/Allied Health Professionals
– Improve Oversight of Rural Health Clinics
– Eliminate Inappropriate Payments for Mental
Health Services
– Yet, Improve Medicaid Mental Health
Programs
ilm 2004
Problem: Fraud (cont.)
• Nursing Homes
– Identification
– Overuse of Services
• Children
• Clinical Trials
• Experience
–
–
–
–
California; Texas
Corporation Audit
Company Audit
Personal Audit
ilm 2004
Problem: Fraud (cont.)
• Estimated Chronological Pattern of Fraud
Analysis (from mid-1990s to present)
– For-profit Medical Centers
– For-profit Medical Clinics
– Non-profit Medical Centers
– Non-profit Medical Clinics
– Nursing Homes
– Group Practices
– Individual Practices
• Outliers
• Specialists
ilm 2004
Problem: Mental vs. Physical
• Historical vs. Traditional vs. Recent Diagnostic
Trends
• Recent Insurance Interpretations of Dxs
• Limitations of the DSM
• The Endless Loop of Mental vs. Physical
• NOTE: Important to realize that LMRP is almost
always more restrictive than national guidelines
ilm 2004
Problem: HIPAA
• Health Insurance Portability and
Accountability Act
• Ethics versus Practicality
ilm 2004
Problem: Medicaid
• Reimbursement Values
• Face to Face versus Professional Time
• Use of Technicians
ilm 2004
Possible Solutions
•
•
•
•
General Approaches
Intra-practice Analyses
Information Gathering
Understanding of Possible Trajectories
ilm 2004
Possible Solutions:
General Approaches
• Better Understanding & Application of CPT
• More Involvement in Billing (especially in large, medical,
multidisciplinary, and academic settings)
• Comprehensive Understanding of LMRP
• More Representation/Involvement with AMA, CMS,
& Local Medical Review Panels
• Involvement and Support for NCPA and APA, possibly
your specialty society
ilm 2004
Possible Solutions:
Intra-Practice Analyses
• Ratio of New vs. Returning Patients
– Varies, specialists more…
– Across all physicians, 13.2%
ilm 2004
Possible Solutions:
Defining Payers
• Defining Payers
– Review contracts
– Compare relative values of contracts
– Determine what each payer actually pays per
CPT code
– Determine hassle factor
– Determine current payer’s mix
– Determine a desired payer’s mix
ilm 2004
Possible Solutions:
Value of Contracts
• Face vs. Net Value of Contracts
– Referrals
– Authorizations
– Medical Necessity
– Coding
– Coverage
– Post-Service Audit
ilm 2004
Possible Solutions: Fees
• Setting Your Fees
– Usual Rate
– Maximum Allowable
– RBRVS
– Fees Across Drs but Within a Practice
• Fees can vary across and within
– Standard Physician Fees
• Between 200 and 400% of Medicare
• Typical multiplier is RVRVS x 2.5
ilm 2004
Possible Solutions:
Compensation for Administration
• Compensation for Administration
– Divide total annual compensation by 2080,
multiply by number of hours of tasks, and add
this to compensation
– MD salary average = $181, 560
– Stipends = $2,000 to $15,000
ilm 2004
Possible Solutions: Resources
• General Web Sites
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
www.cms.org (medicare/medicaid)
www.hhs.org (health & human services)
www.oig.hhs.gov (inspector general)
www.ahrq.gov (agency for healthcare research)
www.medpac.gov (medical payment advisory comm.)
www.whitehouse.gov/fsbr/health (statistics)
www.healthcare.group.com (staff salaries)
www.qualitytools.ahrq.gov (quality control)
www.div40.org (clinical neuropsychology div of apa)
www.nanonline.org/paio (nan)
www.ncpsychology.org (ncpa)
ilm 2004
Resources (continued)
• LMRP Reconsideration Process
– www.cms.gov/manuals/pm_trans/R28PIM.pdf
• Coding Web Sites
– www.aapcnatl.org (academy of coders)
– www.ntis.gov/product/correct-coding (coding edits)
• Compliance Web Sites
– www.apa.org (psychologists & hipaa)
– www.cms.hhs.gov/hipaa. (hipaa)
– www.hcca-info.org (health care compliance assoc.)
ilm 2004
Future Perspectives
• Income
– Steady, slow decline (pending national election
and if economy does not further erode)
– If traditional mental health practice, probable
incremental declines, up to 10-20% over the
foreseeable future
– If Medicaid dependent (25% or more), then
declines could be even higher
– Possible “final” stabilization by 2005
– Testing codes values by 2007
• Recognition
– Mental to Physical Health to…
ilm 2004
Future Perspectives: Medicare
• Conversion Factor
– $37.3374
– Increases of approximately 1.5%
• New Paradigms
–
–
–
–
–
–
Written response within 45 days
Toll-free telephone number
Training to providers
ALJs and appeals process in place
Prepayment audits limited
Extrapolation may not be used to determine
overpayment
ilm 2004
Future Perspectives
(continued)
• Understanding the Community You Live In
– Geographic Diversity
– Cultural Diversity
– Aging
• Paradigms
–
–
–
–
Industrial vs. Boutique/Niche
Clinical vs. Forensic
Mental Health vs. Health
Existing vs. Developing
ilm 2004
Future Perspectives
• Evolving Paradigm = Continued and
Significant Change
ARE YOU READY?…
ilm 2004