Sickle Cell Disease
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Transcript Sickle Cell Disease
Sickle Cell Disease
Sickle Cell Disease
Group of genetic disorders characterized by:
Hemolytic anemia - not enough red blood cells in
the blood
Vasculopathy - disorder of blood vessels
In US, predominantly with African-Americans
(i.e., 1 in 400)
Also occurs in descendents of Mediterranean,
Indian, Asian, and Caribbean cultures
Sickle Cell Syndromes
Sickle Cell Trait (HbS gene)
Sickle Cell Anemia (HbS/HbS)
Hgb SC Disease
Sickle Beta-Thalassemia
SCA: Impact on Red Blood Cells
With low oxygen levels, the shape of red
cells becomes distorted
They appear elongated and sickle
shaped
Red blood cells become very fragile,
short lived, and can clog blood vessels
SCA: Complications
Clinical manifestations do NOT appear
until after ~ 6 months
Vaso-occlusive pain crises
CSA: Complications
CNS complications
Cardio-pulmonary complications
Acute Chest Syndrome
Chronic lung disease
SCA: Complications
Hepatobiliary
Spleen atrophies
Gallstones
Liver failure
Genitourinary
Priapism
Delayed puberty
Amenorrhea
Infertility
SCA: Complications
Musculoskeletal
Acute painful crisis
Avascular necrosis
Immunological
Susceptible to infection
SCD: Transfusion Therapy
Used to treat certain complications:
Splenic sequestration
Aplastic crisis
Priapism
Stroke
Used to prevent complications
Repeated strokes
Surgery-related problems
SCD: Medical Pain Management
Vigorous hydration
Warmth
Rest
Analgesic medications
Demerol
Morphine
Nubain
SCD: Psychological Issues
Consequences of repeated pain crises
Compromises daily routines
Repeated hospitalizations
Side effects of narcotic analgesics
Development of “dependent” behaviors
Apprehension, anxiety, depression
SCD: Pain Management
Biofeedback
Relaxation training
PMR
Deep breathing
Autogenics
Imagery-based techniques
SCD: Pain Management
Pain behavior contracts
Hydration
Deep breathing
Out of bed activities
Dosage/frequency of pain medications
Patient controlled anesthesia (PCA
pump)
SCD: Psychological Issues
Emotional and behavioral competence of
children
Self-concept
Externalizing behavior problems
Internalizing behavior problems
*links between depression/anxiety and pain
perception
SCD: Psychological Issues
Social Competence
Peer relationships
Family relationships
SCD: Coping Strategies
Related to:
Adjustment (e.g., anxiety)
Activity level
Health care services
Distress in episode
SCD: Now and the Future
Longevity and Quality of Life
Has improved over past 20 years
Prophylactic penicillin
Newer antibiotics
Judicious use of blood transfusions
Bone marrow transplant as “cure”
New drugs to decrease pain episodes
Genetic manipulation