D. Thrombolysis Protocol - Diana Day
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Transcript D. Thrombolysis Protocol - Diana Day
Thrombolysis
East of England Forum
Diana Day
Consultant Nurse for Stroke
What is thrombolysis
Clot buster
Lyse (breaks up) clots
Drug is called Alteplase (rt-Pa)
Aim to restore blood supply to the brain
in the early hours of stroke
Global Good Outcome at Day 90 (mRS 0-1,
BI 95-100, NIHS 0-1) (N=2776)
SITS database 12/12/2007
http://www.acutestroke.org/index.php
SITS-MOST vs RCTs – mRS 3/12
13
RCT placebo
16
11
14
20
7
18
mRS 0
+10%
20
RCT active rt-PA
22
8
14
12
7
mRS 1
mRS 2
18
mRS 3
mRS 4
mRS 5
+4,8%
SITS-MOST
19
0%
20%
Recovered
Red colours: independent
Blue colours: dependent
Black colour: dead
19,9
15,9
40%
14,7
60%
mRS 6
13,9
5,3
11,4
80%
100%
Dead
Lancet 2007; 369: 275-282.
Time is brain
Around1.9 million neurons lost a minute
Time to treat
Max 4.5 hours
Recognise
React
Respond
Target 2hrs
Refer
Treat
(30-45mins)
Act F.A .S.T
Recognise /React
Respond
Journey time 30 – 45mins
(60mins review)
Refer and Assess
Assess
Pre alert stroke team
Event history
NIHSS,PMH, meds
Glucose / bloods
Treat with thrombolysis?
Telemedicine
Providing regional
access to stroke
expertise out of
hours
Who can we treat?
Inclusion criteria
Clinical S&S of definite acute stroke
Clear time of onset
Presentation within 4.5 hrs of acute onset
Haemorrhage excluded by CT scan
Age 18 and over
NIHSS less than 25
Consent discussion
Exclusion Criteria
Increase bleeding risk
Greater than 4.5hrs
Rapidly improving or minor stroke symptoms
Stroke or serious head injury 3 months
Major surgery, obstetrical delivery, external heart
massage last 14 days,
Seizure at onset of stroke
Severe haemorrhage last 21/7
History of central nervous damage
Hypo / hyper glycaemia
Warfarin (unless INR below 1.5)
BP > 180/110mmHg (and other exclusions)
Potential for thrombolysis
Conditions
Hyper Acute stroke unit
Under the care of stroke physician /neurologist
Care at level 2 (HDU)
Physiological monitoring
Nurses trained in thrombolysis & acute skills
Protocols & guidelines for care
Access to immediate imaging (24hrs)
Protocols of care
Staffing
Nursing 1:1 – whilst thrombolysing
1:2 – 1:4 first 24-48 hrs of care
Competency based training
NIHSS trained
Mimics
Seizure
Migraine
Sub /extra dural
Tumour
MS
Hyperglycaemia
Non organic
Cerebral abscess
/infection
Unlikely to be stroke
Felt funny & shaking
Visual disturbance
Pins & needles
Fluctuating
symptoms
Exclude stroke mimics
Vascular event sudden onset
Maximal at onset
Fits within vascular territory
Case 1
72 yr old gentleman well this morning
Went to his car at 8.30am
Dropped his keys, and fell to the ground
His wife noticed right sided weakness
Unable to talk properly
Rang 999
Assessment – 10.02
He has PMH high blood pressure
He is being investigated for AF
No previous hospital admissions
BP 179/95, P 114, sats 94%, glu
7.8mmols
NIHSS 21 (aphasic, RSW fal, HH)
Early CT scan : time 10:23
CT Perfusion
Cerebral Blood Flow
Time to peak
Infusion Alteplase
0.9mg/kg/body weight, up to max of
90mg.
Diluted with sterile water to 1mg/ml
10% of infusion as bolus
90% as infusion using syringe pump over
1 hour.
Post Thrombolysis
Potential complications
Haemorrhage
Intracerebral
Systemic
Reperfusion hypotension
Improvement then deterioration
Nausea / vomiting
Haemorrhagic Complications of t-PA
30 mins into infusion he starts talking again,
weakness improves
Then becomes drowsy GCS 15 -13
Stop infusion
Call medical team
CT scan
Neurosurgical opinion
Post CT scan
Management of Bleeding Complications
If bleeding is suspected stop infusion of a
thrombolytic drug immediately.
Send FBC, APTT, PT/INR, and fibrinogen.
Grouped and matched if transfusions are needed
4 to 6 U of cryoprecipitate or fresh frozen plasma,
platelets
These therapies should be made available for
urgent administration.
Allergic reaction
anaphylactoid reaction, laryngeal oedema, orolingual angioedema,
rash, and urticaria
usually respond to conventional therapy – antihistamine and
hydrocortison if caught early – otherwise full anaphylaxis protocol
many of these patients received concomitant ACEI therapy
Most cases resolved with prompt treatment; there have been rare
fatalities as a result of upper airway haemorrhage from intubation
trauma
Other Adverse Reactions
Nausea and/or vomiting, hypotension and fever have also been
reported – Treat symptoms
Patient 2 : Right hemilingual
angioedema
Time is Brain
Impact of thrombolysis
Number making full recovery per 100 treated
30
Benefit
20
10
Harm
0
0
2
4
6
Time (hours)
Saver, Stroke 2006
First 24 hours of care
Monitored bed on stroke unit
Thrombolysis pathway
24-36 hour repeat CT scan
No antiplatelets for 24 hours
No IM injections, catheterisations or
invasive procedure unless unavoidable.
Bed rest for 24 hrs
IV access
Research areas
Time window (DIAS)
Dose (Enchanted)
Other medications (DIAS III)
Intra arterial (PISTE)
Clot retrieval
Awakening stroke (WAKE UP)
Anticoagulation thrombolysis
Summary
Thrombolysis is effective if used within
hyperacute unit setting
Time is Brain, rapid treatment improves
outcome
There are risks of bleeding can differ between
cases
Appropriate place is for all strokes is
hyperacute stroke unit
There are outstanding research
questions
The End
Questions?