Initial Therapy - MCE Conferences
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Transcript Initial Therapy - MCE Conferences
Evaluation and Treatment
of Hypertensive Patients
Herbert L. Muncie, Jr., M.D.
Proper technique to
measure Blood Pressure (JNC VII)
Sitting, back supported, arm at level of heart
Feet on floor, legs uncrossed
Rest at least five minutes
Proper cuff size (> 80% of arm with bladder)
Inflate & palpate radial pulse to approximate
BP – deflate cuff
Inflate 20-30 mm above palpable systolic
Measure Korotkoff I (onset sounds - systolic)
and V (disappearance sounds - diastolic)
WatchBP Office
Question
A 58 year old African American female with
three separate BP readings averaging
164/92. According to JNC VII, what is her
BP classification?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Normal
Prehypertension
Stage 1 hypertension
Stage 2 hypertension
Classification of Blood
Pressure – JNC VII
Systolic
Normal
< 120
Prehypertension 120-139
Hypertension
Stage 1
140-159
Stage 2
> 160
And
Or
Or
Or
Diastolic
< 80
80-89
90-99
> 100
Highest value (systolic or diastolic) determines Stage
Treat Prehypertension?
It is not a disease category (JNC VII)
Treatment with ARB (candesartan) for
4 years
Relative risk reduction of developing Stage
1 hypertension 15.6%
Patients with prehypertension are not
candidates for drug therapy (JNC VII)
Lifetime Risk
For men or women who are
normotensive at age 55 or 65 and
Who survive to age 80 - 85
90% will develop hypertension
Tests after Initial Diagnosis
Target organ damage?
ECG
Urinalysis
CBC
BUN & creatinine
Secondary causes?
Electrolytes, calcium
Other cardiovascular risk factor?
Lipid profile, glucose
Whom to consider evaluating for
2o causes
Onset of hypertension before age 30 or
after age 55
Initial diastolic BP is > 110 mm
Patient with unexplained hypokalemia
Patient with resistant or difficult to control
BP especially if initially good control
Signs of Cushing’s disease
Signs or symptoms of pheochromocytoma
Pheochromocytoma
Measure plasma free
metanephrine (99% sensitive, 89%
specific)
< 61 ng/L excludes diagnosis
> 236 ng/L confirms diagnosis
If 62 - 235 ng/L more testing
required
24 hour urine metanephrine alone
highly sensitive and specific, but
often incomplete collection
Renal artery stenosis
Abdominal bruit suggestive often absent
If high index of suspicion & normal renal
function [Hartman 2009]
MRA
CTA
If high index of suspicion & diminished renal
function
MRA
Duplex Doppler ultrasonography
Primary hyperaldosteronism
Screen with plasma aldosterone/renin ratio
(cutoff > 25)
β-blockers & DHCCBs stop for 2 weeks
Spironolactone & loop diuretics stop for 6 weeks
Plasma aldosterone should be > 20 ng/dL to
make the diagnosis (Nl – 2 – 16 ng/dL –
supine)
Renin – nl 12 – 79 mu/dL (supine)
Cushing Syndrome
24 hr urine free cortisol useful screening
(cutoff > 90 mcg/day)
Sensitivity 41 – 70%
Specificity – almost 100%
Overnight dexamethasone suppression
test equally sensitive, less specific
1 mg dexamethasone midnight – plasma
cortisol next morning (cutoff > 100 nmol)
What if you find a
o
2
Cause?
Renal artery stenosis
For atherosclerotic etiology
Medical therapy is cornerstone [Dworkin 2009]
Stenting no better than medical but more
complications
May be helpful with recurrent CHF or pulmonary
edema
For fibromuscular dysplasia – balloon
angioplasty is worthwhile
White coat hypertension
White coat hypertension
Elevated office BP but normal outside office
Normal would be either 24-hour BP with mean
< 125/79 or home BP < 132/82
If out of office BP consistently < 130/80 & no
evidence of target organ damage
24 hour monitoring or drug therapy can be avoided
(JNC VII)
Increased risk of progressing to sustained
hypertension [Mancia 2009]
Masked hypertension
Masked hypertension
Normal office BP but elevated outside office
Suspect if patient with normal office BP has
cardiovascular event
Increased risk of cardiovascular events
Pharmacotherapy is indicated
Deserves “an aggressive diagnostic &
therapeutic approach” [Messerli 2007]
Mrs. Jones
Mrs. Jones is a 58 year old white
female treated for hypertension for the
past 6 years. Her BP today in the
office is 168/94.
Which number should you focus on in
deciding on modifying treatment?
a)
b)
Systolic BP
Diastolic BP
Treatment of Patients > 50 y.o.
Patients > 50 years old achieve diastolic
goal when systolic goal achieved
Focus on systolic control for patients > 50
years old because:
Systolic BP continues to rise with age
Diastolic BP levels off around age 50 & will
remain at that level or fall after age 50
Non-pharmacologic Therapy
Weight reduction alone reduces BP
Regardless of weight - DASH diet
helpful in lowering BP
Increase potassium (6-8 fruits or
vegetables a day)
Increase fiber with whole grains
(breads, cereals)
Increase calcium intake (low fat dairy)
Decrease salt (DASH-low Na)
No added salt
Non-pharmacologic Therapy
Stage 1 can be treated with lifestyle only
(JNC VII)
For one year if no other risk factors
For 6 months with other risk factors
You do not have to start medication
immediately with Stage 1 (BP < 160/100)
Audience Question
Patients who successfully lose 3 - 9% of
their body weight with lifestyle changes can
expect to see their average BP decrease
how many mm?
a)
b)
c)
d)
3
5
7
10
Weight loss & BP - EBM
Dieting to lose weight may lower BP in
overweight people but the effects are modest &
dieting may not be effective alone
Cochrane Review
18 randomized trials found weight loss of 3-9%
Associated with decreases of roughly 3 mmHg
systolic & diastolic
http://www.chochrane.org/reviews/en/ab000484.html
Lifestyle changes
Combining intensive lifestyle counseling &
physician feedback was not successful longterm (18 month) in achieving BP control
[Svetkey 2009]
Some early success (6 months) faded over time
Dietary choices influence control success
Salt restriction is central especially in those
requiring intensive pharmacotherapy
Increase fresh fruits & vegtables
Maximum 1 restaurant meal/week
Question
A 50 yo African American male with BP 155/95
(avg.) requires initiating drug therapy.
What would be your initial choice of medication
class for this patient?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Thiazide diuretic
Calcium channel blocker (CCB)
Beta blocker
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE)
Angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB)
Initial Therapy
JNC VII – a thiazide-type diuretic should be
initial therapy unless compelling indication
Most patients with Stage 1 will experience
better BP control & lower CVD risk when taking
a thiazide-type diuretic
Most patients with Stage 2 disease will
experience better BP control & lower CVD risk
when taking a multidrug regimen that includes
a thiazide-type diuretic
Initial Therapy
No treatment alters the natural progression
of the disease
BP will continue to rise as the patient ages
regardless of which medications are used
Therefore, every patient will eventually need
for more than one medication to control their
BP
Initial Therapy
Dr. Chobanian (Chair JNC VII) now
suggests flexibility in choice of initial drug
[Chobanian 2009] – he suggests
Stage 1 – ACE, ARB, CCB or diuretic
Stage 2 – two of those 4 drugs to start
With exception of β-blockers after an MI &
CCBs effect on CVA risk, all drugs lowered
CVD events for a given reduction in BP
[Law 2009]
Initial Therapy
To increase drug persistence & compliance
with therapy [Friedman 2010]
Choose medications that will lower BP with few
complications & is taken less often
Persistence is lower with more side effects
Compliance is lower in males, lower SES
groups & in urban environments
Question
A 50 yo African American male with BP
155/95 (avg.) requires initiating drug therapy.
What would I choose?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Thiazide diuretic
Calcium channel blocker (CCB)
Beta blocker
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE)
Angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB)
STITCH Therapy
Simplified Treatment Intervention to
Control Hypertension (STITCH)
STITCH vs Canadian Hypertension
Education Program guideline (CHEP)
CHEP is similar to JNC VII approach
STITCH Treatment
Initiate therapy with ½ tablet of low dose
combination - diuretic & ACEI or ARB
Increase that combination to highest dose
tolerated
Then add CCB & increase to highest tolerated
dose
Then add non-first-line agents
Alpha-blocker
Beta-blocker
Spironolactone
STITCH Therapy
At 6 months [Feldman 2009]
64.7% controlled on STITCH
52.7% controlled on CHEP (P = 0.03)
Pharmacologic Efficacy
Average reduction in BP for major classes
of drugs
At standard dosage - 9.1 mm (SBP)/5.5 mm
(DBP) drop
With half standard dosage 7.1 mm (SBP)/4.4 mm (DBP)
When BP > 20 (SBP) or 10 mm (DBP) above
goal (Stage 2) start two medications initially
Question
A 52 year old African American female has not
achieved BP control on diuretics. You add an ACE
inhibitor to the regimen. You order electrolytes,
BUN and creatinine in 1 week. Her creatinine
increased from 0.9 baseline to 1.14 mg/dL, a 26.7%
increase. What should you do about her ACEI?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Discontinue the ACEI & add a different class
Reduce the ACEI dose 50%
Reduce the ACEI dose 25%
Make no change in the ACEI dosage
Initiating Therapy – Change
in Renal Function
After initiating treatment, common to get
decline in renal function
If ≤ 30% non-progressive increase in creatinine
Represents a functional response (reduced
intraglomerular pressure) & no change in
treatment required
This response is associated with long-term
renal protection
If > 30% increase in creatinine, D/C medication
& choose another class
Question
A 52 year old African American female has not
achieved BP control on diuretics. You add an ACE
inhibitor to the regimen. You order electrolytes,
BUN and creatinine in 1 week. Her creatinine
increased from 0.9 baseline to 1.14 mg/dL, a 26.7%
increase. What should you do about her ACEI?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Discontinue the ACEI & add a different class
Reduce the ACEI dose 50%
Reduce the ACEI dose 25%
Make no change in the ACEI dosage
Diuretic - Classes
Thiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) dosage best if
≤ 25 mg & preferably 12.5 mg
Outcome benefits have not been established for
these dosages of HCTZ
Increasing to 50 mg minimally lowers BP further
but significantly increases side effects
Hyponatremia & hypokalemia more common in
women
12 combinations with HCTZ available
Diuretic - Classes
Thiazide
Chlorthalidone 25 mg provided better 24 hr BP
control than HCTZ 50 mg
Milligram for milligram twice as potent as HCTZ
Outcome data available regarding reduced CV events
Only 2 combinations available
Chlorthalidone/clonidine (Clorpres®) – 15/0.1,0.2, 0.3
Atenolol/chlorthalidone (Tenoretic®) – 25/50, 25/100
Diuretic - Classes
Loop
If only treating hypertension - use loop
diuretics only with renal insufficiency
(CrCl < 30 - 40 ml/min)
Discontinue thiazides at this CrCl – not effective
Dosage frequency for BP treatment
Furosemide (Lasix®) – BID
QD dosage may lead to reactive Na+ retention mediated by
renin/angiotensin system
Torsemide (Demadex®) – QD
Diuretic - Classes
Potassium sparing
Combined with thiazide - reduces risk
sudden death and hypokalemia
Do not combine with continuous K+
supplements or give with renal insufficiency
Increased risk hyperkalemia
Especially with ACE or ARB combination
Should be stopped temporarily if diarrhea or
vomiting occurs
Selective aldosterone
receptor antagonist
Eplerenone (Inspra®) first approved in new class
Primary focus in heart failure
Add-on to anti-hypertensive Rx
Side effects
Hyperkalemia
Contraindicated with hyperkalemia, creatinine > 1.8 men,
> 2.0 women, or creatinine clearance < 50 ml
Caution in use with ACE or ARB
Diuretics – diabetes &
hyperlipidemia?
Diuretics can raise glucose & lipid levels
short-term
However, no long-term adverse effects in
diabetics
Fasting glucose increases in older adults
regardless antihypertensive drug
Diuretics may be safely used in patients
with diabetes or hyperlipidemia
Beta-Blockers
Available evidence does not support their use
as 1st line treatment alone
Weak effect in reducing CVA
Absent effect on CAD [Wiysonge - Cochrane 2007]
Lower heart rate with beta-blocker therapy associated
with increased risk CV events & death
Compelling indications (JNC VII)
Heart failure
Chronic stable angina
Post MI
Tachyarrhythmia
Beta-Blockers
Side effects
Increased risk developing type 2 DM
Decreased exercise tolerance
Increased risk of Raynaud’s phenomenon
Increased insomnia & risk of delirium
Abrupt withdrawal can precipitate myocardial
ischemia in at risk patients
Beta-Blockers & Diabetes
In diabetics beta-blockers blunt heart rate
& BP response to hypoglycemia
However, no increase in severe
hypoglycemia in Type 1 or Type 2 DM
Do not worsen glycemic control when used
with ACE/ARB
Carvedilol (Coreg®) & nebivolol
(Bystolic®) have neutral or even favorable
effect on CHO & lipid metabolism
Angiotensin-Converting
Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors
Compelling indications (JNC VII)
Heart failure
Post MI - systolic dysfunction
Diabetics with proteinuria
Reduce cardiovascular & all-cause mortality
As effectively as diuretics, β-blocker or CCB
[SOR-A]
Diabetics may retain sodium
Add diuretic to enhance response
ACE Inhibitors
Side effects
Cough (5-15%) - women 2x men’s risk
Angioedema (0.1-0.2%) – African Americans
and Asians 3 - 4 x risk increase
Hyperkalemia with renal insufficiency
If patient has bilateral renal artery stenosis
Can cause renal insufficiency
Measure creatinine initially & one week after
starting ACE
If > 30% increase in creatinine or hyperkalemia
1st 2 months – D/C ACE
Angiotensin Receptor
Blocker (ARB)
Three trials found ARBs effective in reducing
CV events (LIFE, SCOPE, VALUE)
But not as effectively as ACE
Reduce the risk end-stage renal disease in
diabetics
No evidence reduce mortality in diabetics with
renal disease
Reserve for patients who cannot tolerate ACE
Angiotensin Receptor
Blocker (ARB)
Low incidence of dizziness or other side
effects
Cough not a problem
Caution with renal insufficiency or K+
supplements
Angiotensin Receptor
Blocker (ARB)
Less effective if high salt intake
Measure serum creatinine initially & 1 week
after starting drug
Can worsen renal failure
Not proven to improve survival post MI
ACE & ARB should not be used in
pregnancy
Combining ACE & ARB
CHARM-Added trial found combination
reduced CV events & mortality in patients
with heart failure
However, in patients without heart failure
Combination lowered BP without CV benefit
over ACE alone (ONTARGET)
But did increase hypotension, syncope & renal
dysfunction
Ca-Channel Blockers (CCB)
More effective in African Americans than
diuretic or ACE as initial therapy
ALLHAT – if African American cannot take
diuretic – CCB preferred initial drug
Greater risk CVA, CHD, CVD, angioedema with
ACE
Combination of benazepril/amlodipine was
more effective slowing progression of renal
disease than benazepril/HCTZ
(ACCOMPLISH trial)
Ca-Channel Blocker Risks
CCB & diuretics are associated with best
stroke prevention
Could be due to less visit-to-visit variability
Caution combining non-dihydropyridine
CCB (diltiazem; verapamil) with beta
blocker
Potential additive negative inotropic effect
Can cause heart failure or complete heart
block
Direct Renin Inhibitor
Aliskiren (Tekturna®)
Monotherapy or combined
Modestly lowers BP
High fat meals decrease absorption
Older hypertensive medications should be
considered 1st (Medical Letter 2007)
Alpha Adrenergic Blockers
Peripheral sympatholytics
Do not produce tachycardia & palpitations
Not initial drug of choice
Associated with increased risk of MI
Alpha Adrenergic Blockers
Side effects
Marked hypotension especially with first dose
Careful in elderly, volume depleted patients, or
in patients taking other antihypertensive drugs
Start with lowest dose at bedtime
Not recommended for patients with CHF
regardless of BP status
May benefit males with BPH symptoms
JNC VII Compelling Indications
Compelling Indic. Diuretic BB
CHF
X
Post MI
ACEI ARB CCB AlDO ANT
X
X
X
X
High CAD Risk
X
X
X
Diabetes Mellitus
X
X
X
Chronic Kidney
Disease
Recurrent CVA
Prevention
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Treatment Goal
For most patients goal BP is < 140/90
Does a lower target (< 135/85) reduce risk?
Cochrane review found lower targets did not
change mortality, MI, CVA, CHF, major
cardiovascular events or ESRD [Arguedas 2009]
In the very old (> age 80) with CAD, a
suggestion of increased risk of adverse
outcomes with SBP < 140 & DBP < 70
[Denardo 2010]
Treatment Goal
For diabetics or patients with CKD
• ADA/AHA Goal BP is < 130/80
• INVEST trial of diabetics with CAD found tight
BP control did not improve CVD outcomes over
usual control
Was associated with increase in all-cause mortality
Emphasis should focus on maintaining SBP
between 130 – 139 mm Hg for these patients
Question
Your 52 y.o. African American female patient with
a 6 year history of hypertension comes in for a
routine office visit. No symptoms. BP 142/92.
No change in therapy. When would you want to
see her again for follow-up?
a) Two (2) weeks
b) One (1) month
c) Three (3) months
d) Six (6) months
Monitoring Treatment
No evidence based guidelines address the
frequency of monitoring treatment [Keenan
2009]
Monitoring at short intervals increases
probability of false positives due to within
person variability
Longer intervals (years) increase probability
observed increase is real
Monitoring Treatment
Chance of detecting a true increase in BP is
better if:
Abnormal BP is signal for repeat readings at short
intervals
Using calibrated sphygmomanometer
Set times to measure BP in relation to drug therapy
Taking mean of several measurements
Or perhaps self-monitoring
Monitoring Treatment
What is the significance of visit-to-visit
(V2V) variability, maximum SBP and
episodic hypertension?
V2V & maximum SBP are strong predictors of
stroke, independent of mean SBP (Rothwell 2010)
Interindividual variation is reduced with CCB &
non-loop diuretics but increased with ACE,
ARB and β-blockers
Does not yet prove a causal link
Telemonitoring & selftitration
Using automated BP measurement with
information sent to the office, patients on 2
meds without control [McManus 2010]
Having patients request additional medicine if
their BP remained uncontrolled for two
consecutive months resulted in lower SBP
difference of 3.7 mm (95% CI 0.8 – 6.6)
Combinations of Medications
Beyond studies of 2 drug combinations, little data
on the efficacy of 3 or more drugs
Advice largely empiric and/or anecdotal
Triple therapy amlodipine/valsartan/HCTZ (Tribenzor®)
better BP control than dual therapy [Calhoun 2009]
ASCOT study found ACE & DHPCCB better than
B blocker with diuretic
In reducing CV mortality
In reducing new onset DM
In reducing incidence of fatal & nonfatal CVA
Combination therapy
Maximal dosage of one drug increases risk
of side effects
Using ½ standard dose resulted in decrease
of side effects
81% for CCBs (pedal edema)
80% for thiazides (hypokalemia)
27% for beta blockers (bradycardia/fatigue)
0 % for ACE/ARB (which are not dose related)
Combination therapy
Therefore, use lower dosages of two drugs
[Wald 2009]
Combining drugs from 2 classes will get 5 times
greater reduction in BP than doubling one drug
If appropriate consider fixed dose combinations
May improve compliance
May reduce total costs
Some Combinations
Everything is combined with HCTZ
Amlodipine & benazepril (Lotrel®)
Slowed nephropathy more than benazepril &
HCTZ [Bakris 2010]
Amlodipine & an ARB
With olmesartan (Azor®)
With telmisartan (Twynsta®)
With valsartan (Exforge®)
Persistence?
Do patients continue to take their
medication?
As many as 25% of patients stop taking their
medications by 6 months
Many variables influence this rate (side
effects, cost, patient’s understanding,
physician’s ability to explain, etc.)
One new variable is modification of dosage or
drug before the end of the 1st prescription –
more persistent if adjusted [Tamblyn R 2010]
Caution in Elderly
What appears as refractory BP control
may be sclerotic arteries – ‘pseudo
hypertension’
If radial artery palpable when brachial
artery is occluded with cuff
(Osler maneuver)
Measure intra-arterial pressure
Hypertension and Elderly
Criteria for diagnosis unchanged due to age
Treatment reduced incidence CVA, CAD,
CHF and death from all causes
Treatment initially proven beneficial up to age
80
Treatment after age 80 is now proven
beneficial
Hypertension and Elderly
Aggressiveness of treatment influenced by
patient's physiologic age and life expectancy
Life expectancy should be at least as long as
time required to see a clinically meaningful
decrease in:
Stroke - 3 years
CHF - 4.5 years
Heart attack - 7 years
Isolated Systolic Hypertension
Treatment recommendations:
Diuretics
Long-acting dihydropyridine CCBs
Strong evidence treatment helpful if > 160 mm
Evidence less strong for 140 - 159 mm
In oldest old males (> 85 yo) higher systolic BP
associated with lower mortality
Resistant Hypertension
BP remains above goal in spite of at least
3 medications at optimal dose
Ideally one of which should be a diuretic
Patients controlled on 4 or more
medications should be considered
resistant to treatment
Resistant Hypertension Treatment
Restrict salt intake
Increase dose of diuretic
If CrCl is below 30-50 ml/min use loop diuretic
Add aldosterone antagonist
Since up to 20% - raised aldosterone/renin ratio
Consider evaluating for 2o causes
Future treatment?
Radiofrequency ablation renal sympathetic nerve
23 mm drop in systolic BP in 89% patients
Incidental Hypertension
Elevated BP found incidentally during visit
No consensus on how to evaluate or treat in
the acute care setting
VA Cooperative Trial (1967) – 143 patients with
DBP 115 -130
No adverse outcomes vs placebo initial 3 mo
Close follow-up and perhaps treatment is all
that is required
Incidental Hypertension
Prospective randomized trial of 64
asymptomatic patients with DBP 116 -139
Oral clonidine load vs placebo then
maintenance oral clonidine
No clinical difference in BP at 7 days
No evidence demonstrating improved
morbidity or mortality with acute treatment of
BP in ED
Key Points – Lessons
from clinical trials
BP is the key driver of benefit from medications
Drugs that deliver less effective BP control
have never produced superior clinical
outcomes
The choice of initial treatment defines the initial
BP response to treatment & the longer term
quality of BP control usually requiring fewer
add-on drugs
Patients with treated hypertension remain at
higher risk of CVD
Key Points – Lessons
from clinical trials
If after formal estimate of global risk, their risk
of CVD is high, offer statin & ASA therapy
Treatment of pre-hypertension with lifestyle
changes might prevent development of severe
hypertension, target organ damage & diminish
risk of dementia
What Questions do
you have?