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SOCIAL
STRUCTURE
Mr. Cameron
Jeannette HS
BUILDING BLOCKS OF SOCIAL STRUCTURE
Sociologists have often viewed society as a system of
interrelated parts, or as a structure
Social structure – The network of interrelated
statuses and roles that guide human interaction
Status – Socially defined position in a group or in a
society
Role – The behavior expected of someone occupying
a particular status
STATUS
Statuses are ways of defining where individuals fit in society
and how they relate to others in society
Statuses of President Obama:
President
Father
Husband
African American
Lawyer
Basketball Fan
What are some of your statuses?
ASCRIBED STATUS
Ascribed Status – Assigned according to qualities
beyond a person’s control
Not based on ability, efforts, or accomplishments
Examples:
Teenager
Gender
Family Heritage
Race
ACHIEVED STATUS
Achieved Status – Acquired through a person’s direct ef forts
Ef forts include:
Special Skills
Knowledge
Ability
Examples:
All Occupations
Husband/Wife
Parent
High School Graduate
Athlete
MASTER STATUS
Master Status – Plays the greatest role in shaping a person’s
life and determining his or her social identity
A master status can be either achieved or ascribed
Examples:
Occupation
Wealth
Marital Status
Parenthood
What is your master status?
MASTER STATUS CONTINUED
Master statuses change many times over the course of your life
Teenagers:
Student
Athlete
Adulthood:
Occupation
Parenthood
Late Adulthood:
Hobbies
Being a Grandparent
ROLES
Role – The behavior expected of someone occupying
a particular status
“You occupy a status, but you play a role”
At school you play the role associated with the status
of student
At home you play the role associated with the status
of son or daughter
ROLES
Reciprocal Role – Corresponding roles that define the
patterns of interaction between related statuses
Husband
Wife
Doctor
Patient
Athlete
Coach
Friend
Leader
Friend
Follower
ROLE EXPECTATIONS
Role Expectations – The socially determined
behaviors expected of a person performing a role
Doctors are expected to treat their patients with skill
and care
Parents are expected to provide for their children
Police officers are expected to uphold the law
Do these people always meet society’s expectations?
APPLYING SOCIOLOGY
One way that people form their role expectations is by
observing role models.
People of all ages work to imitate others whom they admire.
List two people whom you consider to be role models.
What characteristics do these people possess that have made
them ef fective role models in your life?
How have these people helped define your role expectations?
ROLE PERFORMANCE
Do these people always meet society’s expectations ? NO!
Role Performance – A person’s actual role behavior
Some doctors do not provide the best possible care
Some parents mistreat their children
Occasionally, role behaviors considered appropriate by a
certain part of society are seen as inappropriate by society as
a whole
ROLE CONFLICT & ROLE STRAIN
Role Conflict – Occurs when fulfilling the role expectations of
one status makes it dif ficult to fulfill the role expectations of
another status
Good Employee = Going to Work
Good Parent = Staying Home & Take Care of Children
Role Strain – Occurs when a person has dif ficulty meeting the
role expectations of a single status
A teacher that has to maintain the morale of students while
getting them to continually work may experience role strain
T YPES OF SOCIAL INTERACTION
When you play a role, you have to interact with others
The five most common forms of social interaction:
Exchange
Competition
Conflict
Cooperation
Accommodation
EXCHANGE
Exchange – Whenever people interact in an effort to
receive a reward or a return for their actions
Many sociologists believe exchange is the most basic
form of interaction
Exchanges are a part of:
Dating
Family Life
Friendship
EXCHANGE
Reciprocity – The idea that if you do something for
someone, that person owes you something in return
Nonmaterial Rewards:
Thank you for doing the dishes
Material Reward:
A wage you receive for working at a restaurant
Exchange Theory – People are motivated by selfinterest in their interactions with other people
People do things primarily for rewards
When the costs of an interaction outweigh the
rewards, people are likely to end the relationship
COMPETITION
Competition – Occurs when two or more people or
groups oppose each other to achieve a goal that only
one can attain
List three examples of competition from your own
life
Many scholars think competition is a cornerstone of
American society…do you agree? Why or why not?
What are the positives and negatives of competition?
COMPETITION
Most sociologists view competition as a
positive means of motivating people
Competition can be negative:
Psychological Stress
A lack of cooperation
Inequality
Conflict
CONFLICT
Competition = Achieving the Goal
Conflict = Defeating the Opponent
Conflict – The deliberate attempt to control a person
by force, to oppose someone, or to harm another
person
Conflicts can range from bullying a classmate to
killing someone
What other types of conflict can you think of?
T YPES OF CONFLICT
Four Sources of Conflict:
1. Wars
2. Disagreements within Groups
3. Legal Disputes
4. Clashes over Ideology
Ideology = Religion/Politics
What are the positives of conflict?
Positives:
Strengthens group loyalty
Can bring social change
COOPERATION
Cooperation – Two or more people or groups work together to
achieve a goal that will benefit more than one person
No group can complete its tasks or achieve its goals without
cooperation from its members
Examples:
Football
Band
Class Of ficers
ACCOMMODATION
Accommodation – A state of balance between cooperation
and conflict
Accommodation – Staying at a hotel for $80
Cooperation – Staying at a hotel for free
Conflict – Hotel owner refusing to let you stay no matter what
Accommodation can take a number of dif ferent forms:
Compromise – Two parties give up something to come to a
mutual agreement
Truce – Brings a halt to conflict until a compromise is reached
Mediation – A third party acts as an advisor or counselor
Arbitration – A third party makes a binding decision
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