Transcript Science in the 19TH Century

By Jordan Moore, Sophie Rogers, and Louisa Otey
Type 1
 Up to this point in history, what do you think is the
greatest scientific advancement made by man? This
can include ideas, inventions, etc.
Some Fun Stuff Before We Begin!
 http://kids.niehs.nih.gov/illusion/illusions.htm
 http://www.eyetricks.com/0103.htm
Inventions and Innovations
 Greatest advancements during the 1800s affected two
areas – transportation and communication
 1885- Gottlieb Daimler invents the modern internal
combustion engine
 1885/1886 – Karl Benz from Germany created first true
automobile
 1890 – Clement Ader, French inventor who
experimented with aircraft beginnings, attempted to
fly a steam-powered aircraft called the Eole
Gottlieb Daimler
(1834 – 1900)
Legacy:
•While Daimler did not the
automobile, he made it
commercially viable
•He can be credited with launching
the automotive industry, alongside
Karl Benz
•Most significant contribution lay
in insistence on precision and on
maintaining standards
•Instituted a system of inspections
to ensure quality of production
•Revolutionized travel and
communication
Daimler’s 4-wheeled automobile using his
Modern Internal Combustion Engine (1886)
Karl Benz
Legacy:
 Can be considered to
have invented the
modern, massproduced, commercially
viable motorcar
 Human life has been
revolutionized and
improved by the
motorcar
Karl Benz in his 1883 motor tricycle
Clement Ader
Legacy:
 Coined the French term
“avion” for airplane
 Ader claimed that he was
truly the first to fly and had
flown up to 984 feet (300
meters) in 1897
Ader’s Steam Powered Aircraft
Inventions in Communication:
 1814: Frederick Koenig (1774 – 1833)
from Germany introduced the
mechanism in the printing press,
through the invention of vapor
energy and the cylindrical rotary
movement.
 1827: Joseph Nicephore Niepce made
the first photographic image with a
pinhole camera. Louis Daguerre was
the inventor of the first practical
process of photography. In 1829, he
formed a partnership with Joseph
Nicephore Niepce to improve the
process Niepce had developed.
 1829: Frenchman Louis Braille, who
had lost his sight as a young child,
published a dot system for the blind
which would later be named Braille.
It consisted of six dots used in 63
combinations.
Pictures of Innovations in Communication
Social Darwinism
Social Darwinism in
General
Spencer and Social
Darwinism
Victorian era in England,
America, and elsewhere, which
states that the strongest or fittest
should survive and flourish in
society, while the weak and unfit
should be allowed to die.
 The theory was chiefly
expounded by Herbert Spencer,
whose ethical philosophies
always held an elitist view and
received a boost from the
application of Darwinian ideas
such as adaptation and natural
selection.
Darwinism as an ethical theory, was
thinking in terms of elitist, "might makes
right" sorts of views long before Darwin
published his theory.
 The concept of adaptation allowed him to
claim that the rich and powerful were better
adapted to the social and economic climate
of the time, and the concept of natural
selection allowed him to argue that it was
natural, normal, and proper for the strong
to thrive at the expense of the weak.
 Some extreme Social Darwinists argued
that it was morally incorrect to assist those
weaker than oneself, since that would be
promoting the survival and possible
reproduction of someone who was
fundamentally unfit.
 A belief, popular in the late
 Herbert Spencer, the father of Social
Application of Social Darwinism
 Used to justify numerous exploits which we classify as of dubious
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moral value today.
Colonialism: seen as natural and inevitable, and given
justification through Social Darwinian ethics - people saw
natives as being weaker and more unfit to survive, and therefore
felt justified in seizing land and resources.
Military: strongest military would win, and would therefore be
the most fit. Casualties on the losing side, of course, were
written off as the natural result of their unfit status.
Social Context: provided a justification for the more exploitative
forms of capitalism in which workers were paid sometimes
pennies a day for long hours of backbreaking labor.
Extreme Form: Applied by the Nazi party in Germany to justify
their actions aimed at weeding “undesirable” genes from the
populations.
The Problem with Social Darwinism
 Makes the faulty assumption that what is natural is
equivalent to what is morally correct.
 Just because something takes place in nature does not
mean that it is a moral guide for humans to follow.
Social Darwinism vs. Darwinism:
 The two have very little in
common, aside from their name
and a few basic concepts, which
Social Darwinists misapplied.
 Unfortunately, much of today's
opposition to the application of
Darwinian thinking to human
behavior comes from a fear of
Social Darwinism and its
implications for many of today's
moral codes.
 Social Darwinism in its basic
(and extremist) forms are based
on a logical fallacy, and do not
really follow from Darwinian
thinking in any way.
Impact of Darwin’s Theory on
Europe
 This cartoon appeared in
1861 in Punch Magazine
illustrating how Darwin’s
theory was offending to
the Christian religion.
Darwin’s Theory of Natural
Selection
 Origin- Empeclocles: taught
that plants and animals change
over time
 Idea became less popular with
rise of Christianity and resurge
with popularity after the
discovery of fossils
 Jean- Baptiste de Lamarckinheritance of acquired
characteristics
 Example: giraffe
 Thought that animals could
“will” themselves to change
and adapt due to an inner
need to be perfect and a direct
response to the environment.
 Darwin’s view
 Environment played a bigger
role in why organisms change
and some animals are better
adapted for an specific
environment than others
 Natural Selection!! –
Example: Birds who are not
good at collecting seeds will
die out, and birds that are
good at collecting seeds will
survive and pass those traits to
the next generation.
Biology
 August Weismann: Basis of Cell Theory
which stated that all living things were
made up of cells and that there were two
types…
1.
Reproductive Cells- transmit
biological characteristics to next
generation
2.
Body Cells- die when living cells die
 Gregor Mendel- Basis for heredity and
genetics through famous garden peas
experiment
 Louis Pasteur- proved bacteria caused
milk to be sour and discovered a way of
killing bacteria by a method of
pasteurization which consisted of
heating the milk up enough to kill the
bacteria and then cooling it down
enough to slow growth of remaining
bacteria.
Medicine
 Transition from profession
based on superstition and
outdated practice to one
based on new discoveries
in basic science
 Robert Koch- discovered
that bacteria caused
diseases
 Louis Pasteur- developed
methods of immunization
by injecting small amounts
of bacteria into living
things which begins the
practice of immunizations.
Medicine Continued
 Joseph Lister- pioneered field of
modern antisepsis (destroy
topical bacteria) and lowered
infection rates during surgery
 Ignaz Semmelweis- suggested
doctors wash hands between
patients to reduce infection rates
 Discovery of Nitrous oxide,
morphine, ether, and
chloroform to use as analgesia
and anesthesia during surgery
 Increase of women in field
 Example: Florence
Nightingale, Elizabeth
Blackwell, and Clara Barton
Alternate Routes for Medicine
 Used by people who saw the more scientific ways of
medicine as “evasive” and the below ways as more
natural:
 Homeopathy- patients can be cured of a disease by being
treated with natural remedies that produce symptoms
are similar to their ailment
 Osteopathy-if proper balance of life essentials were
maintained the body would stay healthy and cure itself
 Chiropractic Medicine-living creatures are endowed with
an “innate intelligence” that regulate body functions and
focus on preventing disease by making sure that the
body’s main functions are in proper working order.
Physics
 Development of X- rays and radiation:
 James Clerk Maxwell- predicted that electric and magnetic
energy moved in waves
 Wilhelm Röentgen- 1895: energy could penetrate solid matter
which latter lead to the development of X- rays
 Henri Bacquerel- discovers that uranium has radioactive
properties
 Marie and Pierre Curie- radioactivity is caused by the
element’s atomic structure and discovery of the elements
radium and polonium
 JJ Thomson- Theory of the Electron
 Ernest Rutherford- 1902: explained radiation through the
disintegration of the atoms of the radioactive materials
Physics Continued
 Uncertainty Principal Werner Heisenberg
 The behavior of subatomic particles
is statistical probability rather than
cause and effect
 Quantum Theory of Energy Max Planck in 1900
 Stated that energy is in discrete
quantities rather than being
continuous
 Theory of Relativity- E=mc2
 Proposed by Albert Einstein
 Stated that energy and matter were
interchangeable
 No fixed point can be used to
measure motion as motion can only
be compared by comparing the
motion of one object to the motion
of another
Sociology
 Sociologists study how people act in groups and the
social nature of human beings
 Empirical investigation and critical analysis
 The knowledge obtained from this research was
applied in bettering social standards
 Range of social scientific methods
 Positivism and anti-positivism
 Functionalism
 Conflict theory
Auguste Comte
 Argued that society, like
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nature, operated according
to certain laws
If those laws were
discovered, there’d be a
scientific basis for
organization and action
Constructed his own system
of positive thought
He believed that women
were inferior
Between 1830 and 1842, he
published Course of Positive
Philosophy, in six volumes
Quotes by Auguste Comte
“Everything is relative, and only that is
absolute.”
“The sacred formula of positivism: love
as a principle, the order as a
foundation, and progress as a goal.”
Psychology
 Psychologists study the behavior and mental functions of
individuals and the nature of “the independent”
 Psychoanalysis
 Cognitivism
 Explores the different functions of the brain, isolated, such as
visual processing, memory, problem solving, and language
 Humanism and existentialism
 Viewed the human as a whole; not just their personality or
basic human functions, but also their nature to exercise free
will, etc.
 Behaviorism
 Firmly believed in the method of research based observation
Ivan Pavlov
 First studied the
behavior of dogs, then
studied humans
 His theories concluded
that some human
behavior is based on
unconscious responses
rather than unconscious
thought
Sigmund Freud
 Originated from Vienna
from an Austrian-Jewish
family
 Originally wanted to be a
lawyer, but switched to
physiology and medicine
 Opened his own medical
practice in Vienna in
1886, but was driven out
by the Nazi’s in 1938
Freudian Theory and Psychoanalysis
 Was a follower of Pavlov’s theory before coming up
with his own
 Developed “psychoanalysis” as a method to try and
discover the motives in the unconscious when people
take certain actions
 According to Freud, the id and the super ego are the
difference between conscious and unconscious
thought.
 Psychoanalysis has three areas of research or
application
Works Cited
 http://www.eyetricks.com/0103.htm
 http://kids.niehs.nih.gov/illusion/illusions.htm
 http://www.neatorama.com/2007/06/12/10-mind-boggling-psychiatrictreatments/
 http://scienceblogs.com/primatediaries/2009/11/the_giants_shoulders_-_
darwin.php
 http://www.welt.de/multimedia/archive/00828/eng_darwin02_BM_Ver_82814
2a.jpg
 http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Gottlieb_Daimler#Legacy
 (http://inventors.about.com/od/pstartinventions/a/stilphotography.htm)
 (http://www.imultimedia.pt/museuvirtpress/ing/persona/k-l.html#koe)
 (http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blbraille.htm)
 http://www.qfrases.com/english/auguste_comte.php