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THE INCIDENT
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ndkw0yK85z4&safe=active
• The École Polytechnique Massacre,
also known as the Montreal
Massacre, occurred on December 6,
1989 at the École Polytechnique in
Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
• Twenty-five-year-old Marc Lépine,
armed with a legally obtained Mini14 rifle and a hunting knife, shot
twenty-eight people before killing
himself
• In total 15 people died with an
additional 14 sustaining injuries
THE INCIDENT
• He began his attack by entering a
classroom at the university, where he
separated the male and female students.
• After claiming that he was "fighting
feminism", he shot all nine women in the
room, killing six.
• He then moved through corridors, the
cafeteria, and another classroom,
specifically targeting women to shoot.
• Overall, he killed fourteen women and
injured ten other women and four men in
just under twenty minutes before turning
the gun on himself
THE INCIDENT
• Lépine was the son of a FrenchCanadian mother and an Algerian
father, and had been physically
abused by his father.
• His suicide note claimed political
motives and blamed feminists for
ruining his life. The note included a list
of nineteen Quebec women whom
Lépine considered to be feminists and
apparently wished to kill.
THE INCIDENT
• Since the attack, Canadians have debated
various interpretations of the events,
their significance, and Lépine's motives.
• Many feminist groups and public officials
have characterized the massacre as an
anti-feminist attack that is representative
of wider societal violence against
women.
• Consequently, the anniversary of the
massacre has since been commemorated
as the National Day of Remembrance and
Action on Violence Against Women.
• Other interpretations emphasize Lépine's
abuse as a child or suggest that the
massacre was simply the isolated act of a
madman, unrelated to larger social issues
THE KILLER
• Lepine was 25 years old
• He had enrolled ins several educational
programs, he had not finished any of
them and was now unemployed
• Lepine had tried to join the Canadian
armed forces, but was rejected due to his
personality which was considered
unsuitable
• He was a loner with few close friends
• He had a keen interest in guns and
ammunition but had no criminal record
• Social scientists tried to answer the
question on everyone’s mind WHY??
THE PSYCHOLGICAL EXPLANATION
• The question for psychologists “what factors in
his personality led to the crime?”
• Psychologists would examine the evidence
based on the assumption that an individual’s
personality is molded by his or her prior
experiences
• Understanding key events in Lepine’s life
would help in understanding his personality
• Psycholiogsts typically want to interview the
subject, not an option in this case
• They next move to family and friends
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLANATION
• The Psychological explanation
– Lepine’s father was a brutal man, who openly expressed
the opinion that women were inferior to men
– He would regularly beat both Marc and his mother
– Parents were separated when Marc was seven
– Marc’s fascination with guns dated from his teenage
years when he would spend summers hunting at his
uncle’s farm
– Unable to establish close relationships with women
– Marc came to blame them for his problems
– By choosing an engineering course, traditionally
dominated by males, his murderous rampage allowed
him to act out his hatred
THE ANTHROPLOGISTS EXPLANATION
• The question for anthropologists: “why do some
men act violently towards women, particularly to
the point of murder?”
• Anthropologists would start from an assumption
that there are factors in the nature of society itself
that encourage some men to act violently towards
women
• One cannot explain a single act of violence without
looking at societal reasons
• Anthropologists would examine statistics and
other evidence about violence in Canada
• They would try to link together information to see
if a pattern emerged
THE ANTHROPLOGISTS EXPLANATION
• The Anthropological Explanation
– Believe that Lepine’s murderous rampage was the
ultimate act of violence against in women in a society
that has traditionally tolerated such violence
– One women in five has been or will be abused
– One in four has been has been or will be physically
abused
– Courts have tended to impose lighter sentences on men
who abuse wives or girlfriends
– Movies tend to glamorize violence, particularly against
women
– Advertisements regularly exploit women as sex objects in
order to sell beer, clothes and just about anything else
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YpQVUNWo6Ko&saf
e=active
THE SOCIOLOGICAL EXPLANATION
• The question for sociologists “what common
factors are there in the lives of men who have
acted with extreme violence toward women?”
• Sociologists would start with an assumption that
the significance of the acts Lepine committed can
only be understood when they are compared to
others like him and of Canadian men as a whole
• They would examine the lives of mass murders,
especially those who have targeted women as
their victims
• They would then compare then to a control group
– The group in an experiment experiencing no changes
from conditions
THE SOCIOLOGICAL EXPLANATION
• The Sociological Explanation
– Mass killers as a group display a number of
common characteristics
• They are loners with few friends
• They come from broken families usually ones where
violence has played a major role
• Most have been sexually or physically abused as
children
• Mass murders have difficulty dealing with emotions
• Frustration and anger frequently take control of their
lives
• Despite a calm appearance, they are tormented on
the inside
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD OF STUDY
• Scientists use a set of rules developed by
scientists to help them discover their own
mistakes
• Because it is easy to make a mistake by
observation alone, scientists quantify their
observations
• Francis Bacon and other s in the 17th century
proposed the scientific method
– In order to answer nature’s questions, the scientist
must be completely objective and without opinions
as information was gathered
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LKFanG5s01M&
safe=active
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD OF STUDY
• Scientists follow seven steps
for the Scientific Method
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Defining the problem
Reviewing the literature
Forming a hypothesis
Choosing a research design
Collecting the data
Analyzing the data
Presenting conclusions
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD OF STUDY
• Scientists follow seven steps for the Scientific
Method
1. DEFINING THE PROBLEM (OPERATIONAL
DEFINITION)
 A definition that is stated in terms of measurable
characteristics
2. REVIEWING THE LITERATURE
 Examining existing research to see how other
researchers have examined the issue, the methods
they used, and the conclusions they reached
3. FORMING A HYPOTHESIS
 Make an educated guess to provide a direction for
research
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD OF STUDY
• Scientists follow seven steps for the Scientific
Method
4. CHOOSING A RESEARCH DESIGN
 A plan for collecting, analyzing and evaluating data
 Four typical methods




Surveys
 Typically collected by interviews of questionnaires
Experimentation
 The group to be studied is exposed to a certain condition. The
result is measured and compared to a control group
Observation
 Two types natural observation, from a distance and participant
observation where the researcher appears to be a member of
the group being studied
 Reviewing old records, documents, archives and official
statistics
Secondary analysis
 Reviewing old records, documents, archives and official
statistics
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD OF STUDY
• Scientists follow seven steps for the Scientific
Method http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2dxsLFH0c20&safe=active
5. COLLECTING THE DATA
 The data must by carefully recorded as careless data
collection can change the research findings
6. ANALYZING THE DATA
 This steps allows researchers to see if the data
supports the initial hypothesis
7. PRESENTING CONCLUSIONS
 Conclusions are drawn from data and research
findings are presented to others in such way that if
another researcher wanted to reproduce the
experiment/observations in exactly the same way, he
or she would be able to do so
HOW SOCIOLOGISTS COLLECT DATA
• SURVEYS
– Often used to provide data on attitudes
and opinions from a large number of
people
– Questionnaires and interviews are the
most commonly used techniques
– Questionnaire Disadvantage
• Cannot be certain that the respondents
interpreted questions correctly
– Questionnaire Advantage
• Can get a large amount of data in a short
period of time
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EAufRE1
DMKE&safe=active
HOW SOCIOLOGISTS COLLECT DATA
• SURVEYS
– Schedule
• The list of questions sociologists ask people being surveyed in an
interview
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iJFEOJbzrPQ&safe=active
– Sampling
• A small number of people drawn from a large population
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a0AFG7CZ7DQ&safe=active
– Interviews Disadvantage
• Costly to administer and time consuming to administer
– Interviews Advantage
• Make it easier for the researchers understand whether or not the
respondents understand the questions
• Allows for clarifications and noting of context clues
HOW SOCIOLOGISTS COLLECT DATA
• OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES
– Natural Observation
• Observe from a distance so that
his or her presence will not change
or effect the behaviour being
studied
• Disadvantage
– Being detached from the
observation may cause this
missing of some important
details
• Advantage
– Do not realize they are being
observed
HOW SOCIOLOGISTS COLLECT DATA
• OBSERVATIONAL
STUDIES
– Participant Observation
• Observers are directly
involved in the situation
under investigation
– Contrived observation
• A situation is designed
and uses a controlled
variable to determine
how people act is a given
situation
• http://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=6EjJsPylEOY
&safe=active
HOW SOCIOLOGISTS COLLECT DATA
• ANALYSIS OF EXISTING RESOURCES
– Historical Method
• Involves examining materials from the past
that contain information of interest to
sociologists
• Most often is comprised of written
documents such as letters, diaries,
government records and news papers
– Content Analysis
• Counting the number of times a given word,
phrase, idea event or other element occurs in
a given context
• The Wordle on line tool is a rudimentary
example of this
HOW SOCIOLOGISTS COLLECT DATA
• STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
– The use of measures of central tendency
– Can be very specific and complex
– The three most common are
• Mode
– The number occurring most often in the data
• Median
– The number of the value that divides the data into two
equal parts
• Mean
– Adding up the numbers in the data and dividing by the
total number of cases
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=24BaW1O6gqs&safe=active
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qd1aZb4ORmw&safe=active
HOW SOCIOLOGISTS COLLECT DATA
• CASE STUDIES
– An intensive analysis of a person,
group, event, or problem
– Case studies rely heavily on
observational techniques
– These are frequently done by
social workers when they are
screening parents who wish to
adopt children or serve as foster
homes
– http://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=DMo2RGO9YU4
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=N4McYkNXFQY&safe=active