Transcript Chapter 13 - MrsBrownsWorldGeographyWebsite

No Written Warm Up
today
5/10/2013
We will discuss CNN student news
after we watch it.
Today – Key Issues 1&2 Presentation
Urban Patterns Project Assignment
due 5/22/2013 or 5/17/2013 for extra
credit!
Movie extra credit – week of 5/20/13
An Introduction to Human Geography
The Cultural Landscape, 8e
James M. Rubenstein
Chapter 13
Ch 13.
Urban Patterns
PPT by Abe Goldman
•
KI 1: Where Have Urban Areas
Grown?
I. Urbanization
• A. Increasing urban percentage
• B. Increasing urban populations
•
II. Defining urban settlements
• A. Social differences between urban and rural
settlements
• B. Physical definitions of urban settlements
Percent Urban Population
Fig. 13-1: Percent of the population living in urban areas is usually higher in
MDCs than in LDCs.
• What is urbanization?
• Process by which the population of cities
grows.
• 2 dimensions measured by geographers:
• Number of people living in cities
• Percentage of people living in cities.
% of people on Earth living in urban
areas:
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•
•
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1800 3%
1900 14%
1950 30%
2008- 50% First time in history more
people lived in urban than rural areas.
• On your notes, write a statement that
summarizes this change over time.
Percent GDP from Services, 2005
Large Cities
Fig. 13-2: Cities with 2 million or more people. Most of the largest cities are now in LDCs.
Percent Urban by Region
Fig. 13-2b: Although under half of the people in most less developed regions are
urban, Latin America and the Middle East have urban percentages comparable to
MDCs.
Social Differences b/t Urban and
Rural
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Louis Wirth – 1930s
Urban dwellers follow different way of life than rural
What creates this difference?
1. Large size
Urban people interact through contracts
Rural people interact in multiple contexts
2. High density
Urban – people must be specialized and compete for
limited space
Rural – everyone pitches in on most everything
3. Social Heterogeneity
Urban – freedom to be weird
Rural – more “oversight” by community, less tolerance
Physical Differences between Urban
Settlements
• Historically, easy to tell difference between
urban and rural – look for the wall
Ancient Ur
Fig. 12-10: Ur, in modern-day Iraq, was one of the earliest urban settlements. The
ziggurat, or stepped temple, was surrounded by a dense network of
residences.
Athens, Greece
Fig. 12-11: The hilltop site of the Acropolis, dating to about 500 B.C., still dominates
the skyline of modern Athens.
Paris
Fig. 12-13: Paris was originally surrounded by walls which were expanded to
include new neighborhoods as the city grew.
Why were there so few examples of
“walled cities” in North America?
• Simple answer: cities were & are too new.
• Too new??? What does this mean?
• Large walls surrounding cities began to disappear when
military technology surpassed their usefulness.
• Why would a city spend the time & $$ to build something
that was a little use?
• Some examples of walled cities in US
• New Amsterdam (NYC): Wall St. was actually location of
defensive wall used by Dutch against Native Americans &
British.
• San Antonio??
Physical Differences b/t Urban
Settlements
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Today, much more confusing
Legal definition of a city?
Urbanized Area
Central city plus contiguous suburbs w/ pop over
1,000 per sq. mile
• 70% of US population live in a…
• Metropolitan Statistical Area MSA
• At least 50,000
• County w/in which city is located
• Adjacent counties w/ high pop & large % that work in
central city
Pflugerville Annexations
Steeds Crossing
Black Hawk
HHS
Bohl’s Place
HEB
Gatlinburg
St. Louis Metropolitan Area
Fig. 13-3: The metropolitan area of St. Louis is spread over several counties
and two states. It is also a diversified trade center, given its
position on the Mississippi River.
Austin-Round Rock MSA
Counties in MSA
• Bastrop
• Caldwell
• Hays
• Travis
Austin
743,074 (2007)
• Williamson
Round Rock
96,992 (2007)
MSAs of Texas
Each colored
region
represents an
MSA.
How many
principle cities
can you name
for the MSAs?
Overlapping Metropolitan Areas
• When MSAs are close together, their influences
can overlap…..
• Welcome to the MEGOLOPOLIS
• Washington DC – Boston, Mass. (Bos-wash)
• Were considered separate, then combined, then
separated again into two MSAs
• Why?
• While people often commute b/t the two to work
or for entertainment, the two cities have different
functions and characters
Megalopolis
Fig. 13-4: The Boston–Washington corridor contains about one-quarter of U.S. population.
Megolopoli at Night
BosWash
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Pop: 55 million
•
Density: 931 per sq mile
Taikeiyo Belt (aka, Tokaido)
•
Pop: 90 million
•
Density: 2,000 per sq mile
Key Issue 2: Urban Structure
• I. Three models of urban structure
• A. Concentric zone model
• B. Sector model
• C. Multiple nuclei model
• II. Geographic applications
• III. Use of the models outside North America
• A. European cities
• B. LDC’s
Burgess Concentric Zone Model
Middle Class
Immigrant / Low Income Housing
Working Class Housing
Suburbia
Fig. 13-5: In the concentric zone model, a city grows in a series of rings
surrounding the CBD.
Similarities b/t
Burgess Model
&
von Thunen Model
Prior to the development of
modern transportation systems,
how was the cost of land
affected by its distance from
market?
How has modern transportation
systems affected the cost of
land relative to its distance from
market?
Sector Model
Fig. 13-6: In the sector model, a city grows in a series of wedges or
corridors extending out from the CBD.
Multiple Nuclei Model
Fig. 13-7: The multiple nuclei model views a city as a collection of individual
centers, around which different people and activities cluster.
Why are these Models useful?
• Help geographers, economists, sociologists,
and city planners explain settlement
patterns.
• Combining the models allows for greater
understanding of 2 things:
• 1. why people live where they do
• 2. why businesses locate where they do
Can one city represent more than
one model??
• YES!!
Indianapolis: Percent Renters
Fig. 13-8: The distribution of renters in Indianapolis illustrates
the concentric zone model.
Indianapolis: Household Income
Fig. 13-9: The distribution of high income households in
Indianapolis is an example of a sector model.
Indianapolis: Ethnic Patterns
Fig. 13-10: The distribution of minorities in Indianapolis is an
example of a multiple nuclei model.
Williamson
Income Distribution in
Central Texas
What model does
central Texas follow
most closely?
Travis
Bastrop
Hays
Caldwell
Areas in white
are bodies of
water,
government
lands or facilities.
Use of the Models outside of US
• Generally, the opposite trends are noticed outside
the US
• Europe and LDCs
• The higher the income, live closer to CBD
• More parks and open space
• The lower the income, live further from CBD
• Built high-rise apartments for workers/low income
• Paris Riots in 2005
• LDCs
• Layout and demographic distribution affected by
colonization
Professionals in Glasgow
Fig. 13-11: Top professionals in Glasgow, Scotland, are more likely to live
near the center of the city, in contrast to most U.S. cities.
Mexico City
Fig. 13-12: The Aztec city of Tenochtitlán was built on an island in Lake
Texcoco. Today poorer people live on a landfill in the former
lakebed, and the elite live to the west.
Squatter settlements
• UN estimates up to 200 million people live
in these settlements.
• No services.
• Why do people live here?
• Go to favela presentation
Fès (Fez), Morocco
Fig. 13-13: The old city has narrow winding streets and dense
population. The French laid out a new district to the west
with a geometric street pattern.
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Fig. 13-14: In Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon), the French demolished the
previous city and replaced it with a colonial design with boulevards
and public squares.
Latin American City Model
Fig. 13-15: In many Latin American cities, the wealthy live in the inner city
and in a sector extending along a commercial spine. The
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Fig. 13-16: High income households in Rio de Janeiro live in the CBD
and in a spine along the ocean. Low-income households
often live in peripheral areas.