Transcript Marcos Period (1965 – 1986)

Marcos Period
(1965 – 1986)
Understanding Ferdy and Meldy
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Ferdinand’s and Imelda’s personal
circumstances
Ilocos and local politics
Fascination with the Kennedy couple
Youth, energy and charm
First Term (1965 – 1969)
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Honeymoon period
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Vision and accomplishments
Beatles episode
Scandals – Jabidah Massacre & Dovie Beams
Second Term (1969 – 1972)
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Domestic scene
1969 elections – fraudulent, violent, expensive
Aftermath – peso devalued, floating rate, increase in
oil prices
International scene
US – civil rights movement
Cultural Revolution
Paris riots of 1968
Revolution and socialism in Latin America – Che
Guevarra
Vatican II – reforms inside the Catholic Church
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Radicalism and Ferment
First Quarter Storm (FQS), Diliman
Commune
Filipinization and immersion programs of
Catholic schools
Rise of the CPP-NPA
1971 Con Con
Plaza Miranda bombing, suspension of
the writ of habeas corpus
What is the nature of martial law?
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Martial law or authoritarianism was a worldwide
phenomenon, not confined to the Philippines
alone.
If compared to other countries that underwent
martial rule, ours is quite a misnomer
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Civilian-led, military as a junior but integral partner
There are other sectors equally important and
powerful – e.g. technocrats, big business (cronies)
What are the reasons for the
declaration of martial law?
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Postwar Period
Attempts to reconstruct LDCs and replicate Western
model
“Modernization” theory – dichotomy between tradition
and modernity as LDCs were seen as “pre-state, preindustrial and pre-rational”
Adopt the same organizational structures, political and
social values of the West to develop, adhere to liberal
democratic political arrangements
To be complemented by international regimes (MAA &
IFI) to reshape them into attractive havens for FDIs
and attain trickle down effect
W.W. Rostow and the 5 stages of growth
2. 1960’s
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Economic growth of LDCs languished, assumptions
attendant to theory were not emerging
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The Dependency School offered the most convincing
explanation for the rise of poverty in LDCs– that the
very same model and institutions that were geared to
bring about growth were the ones putting them into
debt (Development of Underdevelopment)
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S. Huntington noted that modernization was being
threatened by political instability; presented the
strongest argument that growth would require a
strong government and a controlled political order,
suppressing opposition and provided the rationale for
the growth of authoritarian regimes
Late 70s and 80s –
success of the East
Asian miracle
economies
Neo Liberals
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Adopting the logic of globalization, identifying /
maximizing comparative advantage, efficient
manufacturing sector, lean workforce, abundant cheap
labor and long working hours and no unions (labor
exclusionary)
Strong private domestic investment (through savings)
Investing in human (social) capital – education, skills
upgrading, R&D, manageable population rate
Role of the state – keeping inflation low, establish rule of
law, maintaining political and macroeconomic stability
Problem – questions of state intervention and rentseeking
Weberian Historical Sociologists
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Activist role of the state
State’s role is not superior to business but partner –
state-market cooperation, partners for industrial and
economic transformation (keiretsu and chaebol)
Role of the government service – “embedded autonomy”
Uses finance in creating and strengthening state
organizations (GOCCs), guaranteeing employment,
coopting interest groups to attain political support, thus
assuming some state responsibilities and functions
Need for technical upgrading, wage controls,
macroeconomic stability and sees domestic political
democratization as a threat
Marxist and Neo-Marxist
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Trans border trade, regionalization, multilayered
subcontracting system
Question of replicability with other countries
Historical specificity
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Postwar reconstruction
Cold War, Vietnam War, MFN status
Confucianist bureaucratic tradition
No democratic tradition, martial rule was the norm,
not the exception
The tragedy of martial law
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Politically motivated violence became more rooted –
culture of impunity
Kleptocracy or corruption became the norm in
government service
Foreign and local debt due to overspending and wrong
priorities
Both political and economic rights were sacrificed and
lost and yet Filipinos paid a heavy price for this towards
NIChood failed
Authoritarianism is not the way to attain economic
development
In spite of authoritarian rule, we still have a weak state
and that which is captured by oligarchic interests