Transcript Urbanism as a Way of Life

Chapter 2
School
The Chicago
I. The Chicago School’s contributions to
Sociology
II. Classical Human Ecology
III. Burgess’s Concentric Zone Theory
and the Alternative Models
IV. Summary
Key Terms
Human ecology (36-L) 人类生态学（区位学）the
study of the processes by which territorial
distributions of people and institutions are created
and modified over time. (The text) Studies the
relationship between people and their social
environment.
Land-use Patterns (36-L) 土地使用模式
The Chicago School (36-R) 芝加哥学派
Habitat (36-R) 聚集区 the natural environment
within which an organism lives and would include
such things as territory, natural resource, climate,
and
other organism. (The text)
Robert Park (37-L) 罗伯特·伯克 (1864～1944)
Ernest Burgess (37-L) 欧内斯特·伯吉斯 (1886～
1966)
Key Terms
Community (37-L) 社区 a population more or less
attached to the territory it occupies, living in a
symbiotic rather than societal relationship.
Societal Relationship (37-L) 社会关系
Symbiosis(37-L) 共生（关系）a condition of
mutual interdependence that exists among various
units in a population, (The text)
Communal equilibrium (37-R) 社区平衡 the
balance among competitors in a community.
Ecological location (39-L) 生态位置 one’s position
in a spatial grouping of interacting human beings
or institutions. (The text)
Spatial mobility (41-L) 空间流动 Modification in
physical relationships among groups or institutions
within a given city. (The text)
I．The Chicago School’s contributions to
Sociology
1. The University of Chicago and Urban Sociology
a. History of Sociology at Chicago
b. The Three Greats: Park, Burgess and Wirth
2. The Chicago School: Human Ecology and
Symbolic Interactionism
3. Contribution to Empirical Sociology
The University of Chicago and Urban Sociology
University of Chicago is the birthplace of Urban
Sociology in the United States.
The Urban Environment surrounding the University
provided the perfect laboratory for scholars like
Robert Park and Ernest Burgess to study the city.
Chicago sociologists clearly saw pathology in the
city which led to criminality as well as modern
criminology.
The triumvirs of Chicago urban sociology were
Park, Burgess and Wirth.
Park, Robert Ezra
帕克，R.E.(1864～1944)
美国社会学家，芝加哥学派的主要代表人物之一。
1864年 2月14日生于美国宾夕法尼亚州鲁泽恩郡一
个商人家庭。就学于密执安大学,1887年获哲学学士
学位。随后投身新闻界，热衷于城市社会问题和贫
民阶层的调查报道。自1898年起，先后到哈佛大学、
海德堡大学深造，师从G.齐美尔等。1914～1936年
在芝加哥大学社会学系任教。1925年任美国社会学
会主席。主要著作有:《社会学导论》(与E.W.伯吉
斯合著，1921)、《城市──对都市环境研究的提议》
(与伯吉斯和R.D.麦肯齐合著，1925)、《人种与文
化》(1950)、《人类社区，城市和人类生态学》
(1952)。E.W.伯吉斯、L.沃思等著名社会学家曾是
他的学生。
伯吉斯，E.W.
Ernest Watson Burgess (1886～1966)
美国社会学家，芝加哥学派的主要代表人物之一。
1913年获芝加哥大学博士学位。1916年后任教于芝
加哥大学，1927年升为教授。1934年任美国社会学
会主席。1945～1946年任美国社会科学研究会主席。
曾来中国在燕京大学任教。主要著作有：《社会学导
论》(与R.E.帕克合著，1921)、
《家庭──相互影响的个性之统一体》(1926)等。伯
吉斯是社会生态学（又称人文区位学）的创始人之一，
与帕克合著的《社会学导论》一书对社会生态学的发
展起了重要推动作用。
Wirth, Louis (1897-1952)
Born in Germany. he studied in the United States,
where he became a leading figure in Chicago
sociology during the 1930s. His doctoral thesis
was published as The Ghetto (1925), and he
maintained his interests in city life, minority group
behaviour, and mass media throughout his
influential career. He is best known as the author
of a classic (and much discussed) essay on
'Urbanism as a Way of Life'. For a sampling of his
work, together with a comprehensive bibliography,
see Louis Wirth, On Cities and Social Life (1964).
See also URBAN SOCIOLOGY; URBANISM.
[Gordon Marshall, ed. Oxford Dictionary of
Sociology. 2nd edition, Oxford: OUP, 1998:703]
The Chicago School: Contributions to Theories
Human Ecology
Symbolic Interactionism
Urbanism
The Chicago School: Human Ecology
Park, Robert Ezra
帕克，R.E.(1864～1944)
Ernest Watson Burgess
伯吉斯，E.W. (1886～1966)
Roderick McKenzie
麦肯齐, R. (1885-1940)
The Chicago School: Human Ecology
Human Ecology is a perspective that attempts to
apply biological processes/concepts to the social
world.
Maintained that the city and life in the city is a
product of competition in the natural environment.
The natural environment is an instrumental force in
determining (revealing) city characteristics
The Second Chicago School：Symbolic
Interactionism
乔治·赫伯特·米德 (George Herbert Mead，1863－
1931)
“I” and “Ｍe”, Social Actor and Role
自我
主我
客我
库利 (Cooley, Charles，1864－1929)
Looking-glass self Primary Group
霍华德·贝克尔（Howard Becker, 1928-）
Labeling Theory
The Chicago School: Contribution to Empirical
Sociology
Subfields
Social stratification
Demography
Deviance
Urban studies
Study Methods
Usage of official data (Secondhand)
The life history (urban ethnography)
Quantitative methods (path analysis and loglinear modeling对数-线性模型 )
Human Ecology: The Major Ideas of Park and
Burgess
City Operated at Two Levels: the Biotic and
Cultural
Biotic--structure of city resulting from inhabitant’s
competition for scarce resources.
Cultural--way of life in the city, which was an
adaptive response to organization of the city
resulting at the biotic level. At the cultural level city
is held together by cooperation between actors.
Human Ecology: The Ideas of Roderick McKenzie
a. Ecological Units: people, business, and so forth
(P41-R); groups or institutions (p41-L).
b. Ecological Factors: Ecological factors may be
classified under 4 general headings: (1)
geographical, (2) economic, (3) cultural and
technical, (4) political and services.
c. Ecological Processes: There are 7 ecological
processes: (1) concentration; (2) dispersion; (3)
centralization; (4) decentralization; (5) segregation;
(6) invasion; (7) succession. (41-L, Seven
ecological processes have been identified since
then)
Human Ecology: The Ideas of Roderick McKenzie
d. The meanings of Ecological Distribution and
spatial Mobility:
● Land use patterns were the result of a
struggle/competition for location.
● Best locations were earned by the best
“strugglers” or the most powerful.
● Those without power receive the less
desirable locations within the city. (41-r)
Theories of urban social space structure
Some other terms for definiting the theories:
a. Models of Urban Growth
b. Urban Structure
c. Land Use Pattern (The text)
d. Human Spatial Organization (The text)
The three theories of urban structure
Burgess’s Concentric Zone Theory and the
Alternative Models
Burgess’s ‘Concentric Zone Theory’
Hoyt’s ‘Sector Theory’
Harris and Ullman’s ‘Multiple-Nuclei Theory’
CONCENTRIC CIRCLE THEORY
First concentric ring = Large office bldgs., retail
establishments, and governmental bldgs.
Second ring = zone of transition, low socioeconomic sector, light manufacturing.
Third ring = workers who work in zone two.
Fourth ring = high end apartments, single family
homes, entertainment, commercial establishments.
Fifth ring = Commuters zone, suburbs, semirural
areas 30-60 minutes commute to CBD.
The first well-known dartboard figure of sociology
The ‘Concentric Zone Theory’, developed by
Burgess in the 1920s.
It identifies different zones in an urban centre.
The middle zone contains the Central Business.
What kind of trends of urban growth are described
and explained by Burgess's Concentric Zone
Hypothesis
The city has a tendency, when growing, to push
outward from its center;
As distance from center city increases, there is a
tendency for the size of the parcels of land to
increase and density of occupancy to decrease;
Movement from the CBD to Zone V involves
certain time/cost tradeoffs.
(P49-50)
The five broad themes in the many critiques of
Concentric Circle Theory
(1) The heterogeneity of land-use within each zone;
(2) The subjective nature of zonal boundaries;
(3) The degree to which empirical studies have
shown land-use to diverge from a concentric zone
pattern;
(4) The generalizability of Burgess’s schema to
cities other than Chicago; and
(5) Burgess’s choice of ecological variables.
Textbook, P51
The Sector Theory
Primarily concerned residential neighborhoods.
Residential neighborhoods viewed as wedgeshaped sectors surrounding CBD.
Group in social order tend to segregated into areas
according to socio-econ.
The highest income groups live in houses that
command highest prices.
The lower socio economic groups live in houses
that demand lower prices.
Generally lower socio economic areas are located
near business, and industrial areas.
The principle growth of American Cities has taken
place by new building at the periphery rather than
by rebuilding of older areas.
Some cities beginning to resemble a hollow shell.
Demand sometimes by-passes areas thus limiting
development.
Multiple nuclei model
Harris and Ullman 1940’s
A modification of the sector theory
Various districts, and areas around a nuclei
Certain activities require specialized facilities.
Certain like activities group together because they
profit from cohesion
Certain unlike activities are detrimental to each
other.
Certain activities are unable to afford the high
rents of the most desirable sites
IV. Summary
1、芝加哥学派标志着现代社会学的出现。它改变了
欧洲社会学研究传统中抽象的哲学思辨和较单一化
的总结概括，而采用观察和调查方式对社会组织和
过程进行直接的研究。
2、古典生态理论主要研究城市环境中社会群体和组
织空间分布的过程（规律），它是社会学家尝试建
立基本城市理论的早期成果。古典生态理论的最重
要应用成果是伯吉斯的中心环带模式，以及相继而
产生的扇形模式和多中心模式。
3、从芝加哥学派就城市空间结构和城市性的最初
理论
形成后，引发了争议和补充，形成了有关城市空间
结构和城市性的完整学术理论，这是理论创新的范
例，也说明了理论创新是如何在继承和争论基础上
实现的具体方式（过程）。
Part 4 The Chicago School
I. The Chicago School’s contributions to Sociology
1. The University of Chicago and Urban
Sociology
2. Contribution to empirical sociology
3. The Chicago School: Human Ecology and
Symbolic Interactionism
1. Human Ecology: The Major Ideas of Robert
Park and Burgess
2. Human Ecology: The Ideas of Roderick
McKenzie
III. Burgess’s Concentric Zone Theory and the
Alternative Models
1. Theories of urban social space structure
2. Concentric Zone Theory
3. The Sector or Wedge Theory
4. Multiple Nuclei Model (Composite models)
IV. Summary