Transcript Deviance - Annapolis High School

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
CHAPTER 8
Deviance and Social Control
Section 1: Deviance
Section 2: Crime
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Deviance
Objectives:
 Explain the nature and social functions of
deviance.
 Compare the theories that have been proposed
to explain deviance.
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Deviance
 Behavior that violates significant social norms.
 Continuously talking to oneself in public
 Drag racing on a street or highway
 Using illegal drugs
 A man wearing women’s clothing
 Attacking another person with a weapon
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Deviance
Nature of Deviance
 Because there are so many norms governing
behavior, occasional violations are unavoidable
 What is considered deviant varies from society to
society
 Every society has countless norms which govern
behavior.
 NOT all norm violations are considered deviant.
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
 What is considered deviant can vary from
society to society.
 Divorce is legal in the US
 Divorce is illegal in the Phillipines
 Typically repeating an offense can label you
as deviant.
 Two components required to label you as deviant.
1. You must be committing a deviant act
2. You must be stigmatized by society.
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Stigma
 The mark of social disgrace that sets the deviant apart
from the rest of society.
 Stigmas have been used as a form of social control
throughout history.
 Example: Ancient Greeks would burn symbols into the
bodies of criminals to warn others.
 Example: Prison inmates wear uniformed clothing and are
assigned a number. (Visual Stigma)
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
 When sociologists talk about stigmas they are
usually referring to the negative social
reactions that result from being labeled
deviant.
 That person is no longer seen as being normal
or whole by society.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Deviance
Social Functions of Deviance
1. Clarifying Norms – defines the boundaries of
acceptable behavior
2. Unifying the Group – serves to draw the line
between conforming members of society and
“outsiders” – the nonconforming members
3. Diffusing Tension – acts that allow individuals to
relieve tension without disrupting the basic fabric of
society
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Deviance
Social Functions of Deviance
(continued)
4. Promoting Social Change – can help prompt social
change by identifying problem areas
5. Providing Jobs – provides legitimate jobs for a wide
range of people
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
The Social Functions of Deviance:
Clarifying Norms
 Deviance serves to define the boundaries of
acceptable behavior.
 When rules are broken we are reminded of the
norms that guide social life.
 Punishment serves as a reminder that certain
behaviors will not be tolerated by society.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
The Social Functions of Deviance:
Unifying the Group
 Deviance also serves to draw the line between
conforming members of society and
“outsiders”, or the non-conforming members.
 Reinforces the sense of community and the
belief in shared values.
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
The Social Functions of Deviance:
Diffusing Tension
 When people are unhappy with their lives or
social conditions, they may want to strike out
against society.
 Minor acts of deviance serve as a safety valve.
 These acts relieve tension without disrupting
the basic fabric of society.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
The Social Functions of Deviance:
Promoting Social Change
 Deviance can help prompt social change by
identifying problem areas.
 When large numbers of people violate a
particular norm it is often an indication that
something in society needs to be changed.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
The Social Functions of Deviance:
Providing Jobs
 Deviance provides jobs for many people.
 Lawyers, Judges, Police Officers, Prison Personnel,
Parole Officers, Criminologists, etc…
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Functionalist Perspective
 The major functionalist explanation, strain theory
was developed by sociologist Robert K. Merton.
 Strain Theory – views deviance as the natural
outgrowth of the values, norms, and structure of
society.
 [Individuals may be prevented from finding a job b/c
of social conditions or b/c of lack of education. They
are expected, however, to meet the goal of finding a
job-society judges them according to how well they
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
do so]
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Merton’s Structural Strain Theory
 Four Deviant Responses [Mode of Adaptation]
 Innovation
 Ritualism
 Retreatism
 Rebellion
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Anomie
 Under the strain of incompatible goals and
means, these individuals fall victim to anomie.
 Anomie – the situation that arises when the
norms of society are unclear and no longer
applicable.
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Conflict Perspective
 Competition and social inequality lead to
deviance.
 There are those with power (Ruling Class) and
those without (Lower Classes)
 Ruling Class commits acts of deviance to
maintain their power.
 Lower Class commits acts of deviance to gain
economic means or b/c ofHOLT,
feelings
of
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Interactionist Perspective
 Interactionists offer three major explanations
of deviance:
 Control Theory
 Cultural Transmission Theory
 Labeling Theory
 Remember Interactionists are more interested
in the individual and the thoughts
and feelings
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AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Control Theory
 Control Theorists are more interested in why
the person conforms rather than the causes of
deviance.
 Looks at the social ties that are integrated into
a community.
 Strong Communities have less acts of deviance.
 Weaker Communities have more acts of deviance.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Cultural Transmission Theory
 This theory explains that deviance is a learned
behavior through socialization.
 The interaction of deviant individuals and
others is more likely to cause deviant behavior.
 The norms being taught are deviant.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Labeling Theory
 Instead of focusing on why people perform deviant
acts, labeling theory focuses on how individuals come
to be identified as deviant.
 Deviance is labeled in two ways
 Primary Deviance
 Nonconformity – goes undetected in society. Not Deviant.
 Secondary Deviance
 Results in the individual being labeled as Deviant…and accepting the
label as true.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Degradation Ceremony
 The process of labeling an individual as
deviant.
 Public Setting – The individual is denounced,
found guilty, and given the new identity of
deviant.
 People begin to judge practically all of his or
her actions in light of the deviant label.
 Deviant becomes the persons
master status.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Deviance
Theories of Deviance
 Functionalists – as the natural outgrowth of the
values, norms, and structures of society
 Conflict Theorists – as a result of competition and
social inequality
 Interactionists – as either natural in people with weak
ties to the community (control theory), as a learned
behavior (cultural transmission theory), or as a label
(labeling theory)
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Explaining Deviance
Perspective
Theory
Questions
Functionalist
Strain
How do individuals respond to culturally approved goals and the legitimate means
of achieving them?
Conflict
Conflict
What is the result of competition and social inequality? (Deviance) Who decides
what is deviant. (Ruling Classes)
Interactionist
Control
Why do people conform to norms? (The strength of social ties determines
conformity.)
Cultural Transmission
How do people learn conformity or deviance? (Through socialization, or interaction
with others) Where does this learning mainly occur? (Primary Groups)
Labeling
How do people become identified as deviant? (Through secondary deviance, or
being labeled as deviant)
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SECTION 1
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Deviance
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Perspective
Theory
Questions
Functionalist
Strain
How do individuals respond to culturally
approved goals and the legitimate means of
achieving them? (conformity, innovation,
ritualism, retreatism, rebellion)
Conflict
Conflict
What is the result of competition and
social inequality? (deviance) Who decides
what is deviant? (ruling classes)
Interactionist
Control
Why do people conform to norms? (The
strength of social ties determines conformity.)
Cultural
Transmission
How do people learn conformity or
deviance? (through socialization, or
interaction with others) Where does this
learning mainly occur? (primary groups)
Labeling
How do people become identified as
deviant? (through secondary deviance, or
being labeled as deviant)
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Crime
Objectives:
 Identify the principal types of crime in the
United States.
 Explain the characteristics of the American
criminal-justice system.
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Crime
Principal Types
of Crime in the U.S.
 Violent Crime – includes murder, robbery; most victims are
African Americans
 Robbery- larceny from the person or presence of another by violence or threat.
 Crime Against Property – includes burglary, larceny,
vehicle theft; more common than violent crimes.
 Burglary- the act of breaking and entering a dwelling at night to commit a felony
 Felony- a crime for which the punishment in federal law may be death or imprisonment for
mote than one year.
 Larceny- the unlawful taking and removal of another person's property.
 Victimless Crime – includes prostitution, gambling, illegal
drug use; offender is the only victim
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Crime
Principal Types
of Crime in the U.S.
(continued)
 White Collar Crime –
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committed by high-status
individuals in the course
of their professions;
includes fraud, tax
evasion, embezzlement
 Organized Crime – the
pursuit of crime as a big
business
Bernie Madoff
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SECTION 2
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
SOCIOLOGY
Crime
Question:
What are some
characteristics of the
American criminal-justice
system?
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SECTION 2
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
SOCIOLOGY
Crime
AMERICAN CRIMINAL-JUSTICE SYSTEM
Police
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1.
Have the most control over who is arrested
for crimes.
2.
The use of police discretion, has raised the
controversial issue of racial profiling
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SECTION 2
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
SOCIOLOGY
Crime
AMERICAN CRIMINAL-JUSTICE SYSTEM
Courts
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1.
Determines the accused’s guilt or innocence
in a court trial.
2.
The court assigns a punishment.
3.
90 percent of cases are actually settles
through plea bargaining.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SECTION 2
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
SOCIOLOGY
Crime
AMERICAN CRIMINAL-JUSTICE SYSTEM
Corrections
1.
Includes probation, imprisonment, and parole,
which serves four functions:
Retribution- Revenge for the victims and for society.
Deterrence- Discourage offenders and non offenders
from committing future crimes.
Rehabilitation- Serves to reform criminals so that they
can return to society as law abiding citizens.
Social protection- Limit the freedom of criminals so
they cannot commit additional crimes.
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SECTION 2
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
SOCIOLOGY
Crime
AMERICAN CRIMINAL-JUSTICE SYSTEM
Juvenile-Justice System
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1.
Applies to offenders younger than 18.
2.
Guarantees juvenile defendants the same
legal rights and privileges as adults.
3.
Often provides more services.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SECTION 2
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Crime
AMERICAN CRIMINAL-JUSTICE SYSTEM
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Police
have the most control over who
is arrested for crimes; use
police discretion, which has
raised the controversial issue of
racial profiling
Courts
determines the accused’s guilt
or innocence in a court trial and
then assigns a punishment;
actually settles 90 percent of
cases through plea bargaining
Corrections
includes probation,
imprisonment, parole; serves
four functions—retribution,
deterrence, rehabilitation, and
social protection
Juvenile-Justice System
applies to offenders younger
than 18; guarantees juvenile
defendants the same legal rights
and privileges as adults; often
provides more services
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
CHAPTER 8
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
SOCIOLOGY
Chapter Wrap-Up
1. What are the functions of deviance?
2. How does labeling theory differ from other
theories of deviance?
3. Describe the five general categories of
crime. Be sure to list the types of crime in
each category.
4. What purposes does the corrections system
fulfill? How does the juvenile-justice
system meet these same purposes?
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