Transcript CHAPTER 4 Social Structure

CHAPTER 4
Social Structure
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social
Structure
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Section 3: Types of Societies
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Section 5: The Structure of Formal
Organizations
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Objectives:
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
 Identify and describe the two major
components of social structure.
 Analyze how these two components of
social structure affect human interaction.
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What is Social Structure?
 Social structure is the network of
interrelated statuses and roles that guide
human interactions within societies.
Social structure
within a family
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Major Components of Social
Structure
 Status – a socially defined
position in a group or in a society
and has attached to it one or
more roles
 Ascribed status — Status
assigned according to standards
that are beyond a person's
control, such as age, sex, family
heritage, or race.
 Not based on one’s abilities,
efforts, or accomplishments, but
on inherited traits or certain age
groups
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Major Components of Social
Structure
 Achieved Status – Status acquired by
an individual on the basis of some
special skill, knowledge, or ability.
 Includes all occupations, husband/wife,
parent, high school graduate, athlete.
 Gained through one’s personal efforts
 Include special knowledge, skills, and/or
abilities
 People have control over their achieved
statuses, but not their ascribed statuses
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Major Components of Social
Structure
 Master status – is the status that plays
the greatest role in shaping a person's life
and determining his or her social identity.
 Either achieved or ascribed
 Examples include occupation, wealth, marital
status, parenthood
 During much of adulthood master status may be
defined by one’s occupation
 Changes over the course of a person’s life
 Teenager – student; athlete
 Adulthood – occupation; marriage
 Retirement – grandparenthood; hobbies; past
achievements
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Examples of Master Status
Adulthood:
Job
Adolescence/Young
Adulthood:
Student
Retirement:
Leisure Time
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Major Components of Social
Structure
 Role – the behavior expected of someone
occupying a particular status
 You occupy a status, but you play a role
 Reciprocal roles —corresponding roles that
define the patterns of interaction between
related statuses
 Must have someone performing the role of the other
spouse in order for a person to be a spouse
 Ex: doctor-patient; athlete-coach; friend-friend
 People’s particular roles and statuses affect how
they relate to one another.
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Examples of Reciprocal Roles
Sales ClerkCustomer
Doctor-Patient
EmployeeEmployer
Friend-Friend
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Roles, Status, and
Human Interaction
 Role expectations —socially determined behaviors
expected of a person performing a role
 Ex: doctors are expected to treat patients with
care
 Role performance —the actual behavior of a person
performing a role
 Do not always correspond with the given role’s
expectations
 Can be seen as inappropriate within in society if
role expectations are not met
 The difference in role expectation and then
performance can be attributed to the fact that
some people are asked to fulfill contradicting
roles at the same time
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Roles, Status, and
Human Interaction
 Role set —the different roles attached to a
single status
 Many interrelated roles to perform within in a
single status
 Role conflict —a situation that occurs
when fulfilling and expectations of one role
makes it difficult to fulfill the expectations
of another role
 Actually happens because of conflict between
statuses
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Roles, Status, and
Human Interaction
 Role strain —a
situation that occurs
when a person has
difficulty meeting the
expectations of a
single role
“I’ll be late for dinner, Dear.
I’m up to my neck in
paperwork.”
An employee being forced
to work overtime by their
boss
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Roles, Status, and Human
Interaction
 Social Institutions —a system of
statuses, roles, values, and norms
that is organized to satisfy one or
more of the basic needs of society
 Primary social institutions studied
by sociologists include:
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Family
Economy
Politics
Education
Religion
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SECTION 1
Building Blocks of Social Structure
Status
fire
fighter
Examples of Roles
putting out fires, saving
lives, wearing a uniform
mother
providing food and shelter,
nurturing family,
disciplining children
P.T.A.
president
running meetings,
recruiting new members,
planning activities
Examples of
Conflict / Strain
voluntarily puts self in
danger but has loved ones
who need him or her
work fatigue and long shifts
make household tasks and
interactions difficult
has trouble getting members
to attend and follow through
on promises
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Objectives:
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
 Identify the most common types of social
interaction.
 Distinguish between types of interactions
that stabilize social structure and those
that can disrupt it.
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Common Types
of Social Interaction
 Exchange – interacting in an effort to
receive a reward or a return for one’s
actions
 Competition – two or more people or
groups in opposition to achieve a goal that
only one can attain
 Conflict – the deliberate attempt to control
a person by force, to oppose someone
else, or to harm another person
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Common Types
of Social Interaction
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
 Cooperation – two or more people or
groups working together to achieve a goal
that will benefit more than one of them
 Accommodation – a state of balance
between cooperation and conflict
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Interactions That
Stabilize and Disrupt
 Competition and Conflict – disrupt social
stability
 Accommodation, Exchange, and
Cooperation stabilize social stability
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Objectives:
Section 3: Types of Societies
 Identify and describe the types of societies
that exist in the world today.
 Explain the roles individuals play in these
models of group systems.
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Types of Societies
 Preindustrial – food production is the main
economic activity and can be subdivided
according to the level of technology and the
method of producing food
 Industrial – emphasis shifts from the production
of food to the production of manufactured goods
made possible by changes in production
methods
 Postindustrial – much of the economy is involved
in providing information and services
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Roles of Individuals
 Roles related to:
 Leadership
 Family
 Work
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Objectives:
Section 4: Groups Within Society
 Summarize the major features of primary
and secondary groups.
 Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.
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Features of Primary Groups
 Interact over a long period of time on a
direct and personal basis
 Entire self of the individual is taken into
account
 Relationships are intimate and face-toface
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Features of Secondary Groups
 Interaction is impersonal and temporary in
nature
 Involve a reaction to only a part of the
individual’s self
 Casual and limited to personal
involvement
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Purposes of Groups
 Select leaders – people that influence the
attitudes and opinions of others
 Define their boundaries – so that members can
tell who belongs and who does not
 Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions
 Control their members’ behavior – if members
violate groups norms, the group cannot survive
long
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Objectives:
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
 Explain how bureaucracies are structured.
 Evaluate the effectiveness of
bureaucracies.
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Weber’s Model
 Division of Labor
 Ranking of Authority
 Employment based on formal
qualifications
 Rules and regulations
 Specific lines of promotion and
advancement
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Effectiveness of Bureaucracies
 Efficient at coordinating large numbers of
people, defining tasks and rewards
 Provides stability
 Can lose sight of goals, create red tape,
and result in oligarchies
 In some instances, rewards incompetence
and expands uncontrollably
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SECTION 1
Building Blocks of
Social Structure
Question:
What are the two major
components of social
structure, and how do they
affect human interaction?
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SECTION 2
Types of Social Interaction
Question:
What are some common
types of social interaction,
and what are examples
of each?
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SECTION 2
Types of Social Interaction
Competition
Exchange
Conflict
Types of
Social
Interactions
Cooperation
Accommodation
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SECTION 3
Types of Societies
Question:
What are the three main
types of societies and
characteristics or examples
of each?
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SECTION 3
Types of Societies
Preindustrial
hunting and
gathering; pastoral;
horticultural;
mechanical
solidarity
Industrial
agricultural
Types of
Societies
manufacturing
urban;
technology;
organic solidarity
Postindustrial
information;
provision of services
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SECTION 4
Groups Within Society
Question:
What are the purposes
and functions of groups?
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SECTION 4
Groups Within Society
define boundaries
set goals
make decisions
select leaders
GROUP
FUNCTIONS
assign tasks
control members’ behavior
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SECTION 5
The Structure of
Formal Organizations
Head of the Bureaucracy
(CEO, Superintendent, president, etc.)
Department Head/VP
Department Head/VP
(subordinates)
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CHAPTER 4
Chapter Wrap-Up
1. How can a person’s status differ from his or her role?
2. How does role conflict affect groups and individuals?
How can it be resolved?
3. What are the five most common forms of interaction
recognized by sociologists?
4. Identify and describe the three broad categories of
societies used by sociologists.
5. How do the roles of group members differ between
primary and secondary groups?
6. What, according to Max Weber’s model, are the major
characteristics of a bureaucracy?
7. What weaknesses influence the effectiveness of
bureaucracies?
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