Transcript 08SOC_Chapter_09 - Miami East Local Schools

Chapter Preview
Section 1: Minority, Race, and Ethnicity
Section 2: Racial and Ethnic Relations
Section 3: Theories of Prejudice and
Discrimination
Section 4: Minority Groups in the
United States
Chapter Preview · Section 1
Minority, Race, and Ethnicity (pages 276–279)
Sociologists have specific definitions for minority,
race, and ethnicity. Ethnic minorities have often
been subjected to prejudice and discrimination.
Chapter Preview · Section 2
Racial and Ethnic Relations (pages 280–283)
Patterns of racial and ethnic relations take two forms:
assimilation and conflict. Patterns of assimilation
include Anglo-conformity, melting pot, and cultural
pluralism. Conflict patterns include genocide,
population transfer, and subjugation.
Chapter Preview · Section 3
Theories of Prejudice and Discrimination (pages 284–289)
Prejudice refers to attitudes, while discrimination is
about behavior. Prejudice often leads to discrimination,
but in some instances discrimination creates
prejudiced attitudes due to stereotyping. Each of the
three major perspectives looks at different aspects of
prejudice.
Chapter Preview · Section 4
Minority Groups in the United States (pages 290–301)
Discrimination has caused some ethnic and racial
groups to lag behind the white majority in jobs, income,
and education. Progress is being made, but the gains
made by all minorities remain fragile. African American,
Latino, Asian American, Native American, and white
ethnics are the largest minorities in this country.
Sociologists have specific definitions particular
to their field of study for minority, race, and
ethnicity. Ethnic minorities have historically
been subjected to prejudice and discrimination.
• minority
• race
• ethnic minority
Do you feel that prejudice and
discrimination still exist today?
A. Very much
B. Somewhat
C. Not very much
D. Not at all
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Minorities
• A minority population is defined by
something more than size or number.
• A minority has several key features:
– A minority has distinctive physical or
cultural characteristics that can be used
to separate it from the majority.
Minorities (cont.)
– The minority is dominated by the majority.
– Minority traits are often believed by the
dominant majority to be inferior.
– Members of the minority have a common
sense of identity, with strong group loyalty.
– The majority determines who belongs to
the minority through ascribed status.
Which of the following characteristics
sets the minority group apart from
the majority group?
A. Religion
B. Skin color
C. Language
D. All of the above
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Defining Race
• Members of a race share certain
biologically-inherited physical
characteristics that are considered equally
important within a society.
• Sociologists focus more on the social
attitudes and characteristics that relate to
race more than physical differences.
Defining Race (cont.)
• There is no scientific evidence that
connects any racial characteristic with
innate superiority or inferiority.
Does the term “pure” race exist?
A. Always
B. Sometimes
C. Never
D. Not sure
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Ethnicity
• An ethnic minority is socially identified by
unique characteristics related to culture or
nationality.
• This type of minority is a subculture
defined by its own language, religion,
values, beliefs, norms, and customs.
Ethnicity (cont.)
• Negative attitudes toward ethnic minorities
exist in part because of ethnocentrism
(judging others in terms of one’s own
cultural standards).
• The majority may view a minority as
inferior because they differ in beliefs,
values, and norms.
Attitudes of Americans
Toward Immigrant
Minorities
Do you believe that there are ways to
bridge the gaps between an ethnic
minority and a majority group?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Not sure
D. Sometimes
0%
A
A. A
B. B
C. 0%C
0%
D. D
B
C
0%
D
Patterns of racial and ethnic relations take two
forms: assimilation and conflict. Patterns of
assimilation include Anglo-conformity, melting
pot, cultural pluralism, and accommodation.
Conflict patterns include genocide, population
transfer, and subjugation.
• assimilation
• cultural pluralism
• genocide
• subjugation
• de jure segregation
• de facto segregation
Are there positive and negative
effects of different races and
ethnicities living together?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Sometimes
D. Not at all
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Patterns of Assimilation
• Assimilation refers to the blending or
fusing of minority groups into the dominant
society.
Patterns of Assimilation (cont.)
• Different forms of assimilation:
– Anglo-conformity—immigrants
are accepted as long as they
conform; the most common
pattern of assimilation in
America.
– Melting pot/tossed salad—all
ethnic and racial minorities
voluntarily blend together.
Patterns of Assimilation (cont.)
– Cultural pluralism—immigrants maintain
some of their “old” ways, which can result
in introducing some of their culture to the
United States.
– Accommodation—a minority maintains its
own culturally-unique way of life.
Which method of assimilation do you
think is best and why do you think
this?
A. Anglo-conformity
B. Melting pot
C. Cultural pluralism
D. Accommodation
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Patterns of Conflict
• Different forms of conflict:
– Genocide—the systematic effort to
destroy an entire population.
– Population transfer—a minority is forced
either to move to a remote location or to
leave entirely the territory controlled by the
majority.
Impact of the
Holocaust
Patterns of Conflict (cont.)
– Subjugation—the minority is denied equal
access to the culture and lifestyle of the
larger society; the most common pattern of
conflict.
– De jure segregation—subjugation based
on the law.
Patterns of Conflict (cont.)
– De facto segregation—a situation of
segregation that exists regardless of what
the law is.
Which of the following is the most
common form of conflict?
A. Genocide
B. Subjugation
C. de jure segregation
D. de facto segregation
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Prejudice involves attitudes, while
discrimination is about behavior. Prejudice
often leads to discrimination. Conversely, in
some instances, discrimination creates
prejudiced attitudes through stereotyping. Each
of the three major perspectives looks at
different aspects of prejudice.
• prejudice
• racism
• discrimination
• hate crime
• stereotype
• self-fulfilling prophecy
Has there ever been a time when
you’ve felt discriminated against
because of someone else’s
prejudices?
A. Yes
B. No
C. It depends on the
situation
0%
A
A. A
B. B
C.
C 0%
0%
B
C
Prejudice, Racism, and Discrimination
• To a sociologist, prejudice refers to the
widely-held preconceptions of a group
(minority or majority) and its individual
members.
• Prejudice involves a generalization based
on biased or insufficient information.
Prejudice, Racism, and Discrimination
(cont.)
• Racism is an extreme form of prejudice.
Racists believe that discrimination or
exclusion is morally justified because of
their own natural superiority.
• Discrimination involves acting upon those
biased opinions by treating people unfairly.
Does prejudice always results in
discrimination?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Sometimes
0%
A
A. A
B. B
C.0% C
B
0%
C
Hate Crimes
• A hate crime is a criminal act that is
motivated by extreme prejudice.
• Each of the perspectives—functionalist,
conflict, and symbolic interactionism—can
help us understand reasons for hate
crimes.
Hate Groups in
America
Do you agree with the following
statement: “Hate crimes occur in
relatively small numbers, but the
frequency is increasing.”
A. Very much
B. Somewhat
C. Not very much
D. Not at all
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Stereotypes
• A stereotype is a set of ideas—based on
distortion, exaggeration, and
oversimplification—that is applied to all
members of a group.
Have you ever been guilty of
stereotyping a person and later found
out that you were wrong?
A. Always
B. Sometimes
0%
D
A
0%
C
D. Not sure
B
C. Never
A. A
B. B
C.0%C
0%
D. D
The Functionalist Perspective
• Negative aspects of prejudice and racism:
– The social, political, educational, and
economic costs to society are extremely
high.
– The safety and stability of the larger
society are at risk due to violence.
The Functionalist Perspective (cont.)
• Positive aspect of prejudice and racism:
– The self-concepts within the majority group
are strengthened due to a feeling of
superiority.
Do you agree with the functionalist
view of the “positive aspect” of
discrimination?
A. Agree
B. Disagree
C. Sometimes
D. Not sure
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
The Conflict Perspective
• According to the conflict theory, a majority
uses prejudice and discrimination as
weapons of power to control a minority.
• They do this in order to increase control
over property, goods, and other resources.
• Minorities tend to view one another as
competitors instead of allies in the struggle
against the majority.
Do you think the example in the book,
demonstrates the conflict perspective?
A. Very much
B. Somewhat
C. Not very much
D. Not at all
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
• According to this perspective, members of a
society learn to be prejudiced in much the
same way that they learn to be patriotic.
• Two stages in learning to be prejudiced:
– Pregeneralized learning period—children
overhear parents making racist statements,
but they have not yet learned to separate
people by race or ethnic group.
– Total rejection stage—children can use
physical clues to sort people into groups.
The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
(cont.)
• Language itself can also reflect prejudices.
• Self-fulfilling prophecy—an expectation that
leads to behavior that then causes the
expectation to become reality—also plays a
large role in this perspective.
• Members of a minority fail because of the low
expectations they have for their own success.
Prejudice and
Discrimination
Do you agree that language reflects
prejudices?
A. Agree
B. Disagree
C. Not sure
D. Sometimes
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Discrimination in the United States has caused
some ethnic and racial groups to lag behind the
white majority in jobs, income, and education.
Progress is being made, but gains remain
fragile. African American, Latino, Asian
American, Native American, and white ethnics
are the largest minority groups in this country.
• institutionalized discrimination
• hidden unemployment
• underclass
Can you think of some ways that
discrimination effects minorities?
A. Very much
B. A little
C. Not at all
0%
A
A. A
B. B
0%
C. C
B
0%
C
Institutionalized Discrimination
• Institutionalized discrimination results from
unfair practices that are part of the structure of
society and that have grown out of traditional,
accepted behaviors.
• Examples:
– Seniority systems
– Public school systems
U.S. Resident
Minority Populations,
2000 and 2003
Do you think that a solution is
possible to both of these examples of
discrimination?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Not sure
0%
A
A. A
B. B
0%
C. C
B
0%
C
African Americans
• African Americans are the largest racial
minority in the United States.
• Reasons for their minority status:
– Skin color and physical features
– History as slaves
African Americans (cont.)
• Hidden unemployment—discouraged
workers who have stopped looking or parttime workers who would prefer to have fulltime jobs.
Majority and Minority
Median Household
Incomes
African Americans (cont.)
• Inequalities:
– African American income is 62% of what
whites earn.
– A lower percentage of African Americans
are employed in higher paying
professional positions.
– The jobless rate of African Americans was
slightly more than double that of whites in
2005.
African Americans (cont.)
– Hidden unemployment rates are high.
– Differences in unemployment rates
between whites and African American
workers exist even for college-educated
people.
– African American teenagers have a high
unemployment rate.
African Americans (cont.)
• Despite these inequalities, gains have
been made:
– More than 25% of African Americans work
in professional and managerial positions.
– Business ownership has been increasing
dramatically.
– African Americans have also increased
their political presence.
African Americans (cont.)
• Some scholars see an emergence of two
black Americas—a growing black middle
class and a black underclass.
How strongly do you feel about the
following statement: “In a very real
sense, then, African Americans have
experienced barely forty years of
constitutional equality.”
D. Not strongly at all
A
0%
0%
0%
0%
D
C. Not very strongly
A
B
C
D
C
B. Somewhat strongly
A.
B.
C.
D.
B
A. Very strongly
Latinos
• Latino is a term that refers to ethnic
minorities from Latin America, a region that
includes Mexico, Central America, South
America, and the islands of the Caribbean.
• Latinos:
– are the largest minority group in America.
– fall behind white Americans in formal
education.
Latinos (cont.)
– make an average income that is higher
than that of African Americans but
significantly lower than that of non-Latino
whites.
– are becoming a force in shaping American
politics.
U.S. Population by
Race and Ethnicity,
2000 and 2050
What are the largest Latino groups in
the United States?
A. Mexican descent
B. Puerto Ricans
C. Cubans
D. All of the above
0%
A
A.
B.
0%
C.
D.
B
A
B
0%
C
D
C
0%
D
Native Americans
• Native Americans, more than any other
minority, are suffering today from the
effects of hundreds of years of
discrimination.
• Native Americans are running casino-type
gaming establishments, which is helping
the quality of life for many families.
• Many challenges, such as better health
care and education, still need to be met.
The following are areas of hardship for
the Native Americans EXCEPT
A. Abject poverty
B. Low annual income
C. High school graduation
rates
D. Protecting their
reservations
0%
A
A.
B.
0%
C.
D.
B
A
B
0%
C
D
C
0%
D
Asian Americans
• The road for Chinese Americans has not
been easy since they began immigrating in
the 1850s; however, today they are
recognized as successful.
• Japanese Americans also had a rocky
beginning, but are now one of the most
successful racial minorities in the U.S.
Socioeconomic
Characteristics of
Minorities
Asian Americans (cont.)
• Why are they so successful?
– They have not had to deal with centuries
of prejudice and discrimination like the
African and Native Americans.
– They have used the educational system
for upward mobility.
Which Asian American minority group
do you think is the most successful
today?
A. Chinese
B. Japanese
C. Filipinos
D. Both A & B
0%
A
A.
B.
0%
C.
D.
B
A
B
0%
C
D
C
0%
D
White Ethnics
• White ethnics are the descendents of
immigrants from Eastern and Southern
European nations, particularly Italy and
Poland.
• White ethnics also include Greek, Irish and
Slavic people.
• During the 1960s, white ethnics were
labeled as being conservative, racist, prowar “hardhats,” but this was not true.
White Ethnics (cont.)
• White ethnics have not traditionally been
victims of discrimination, but still feel the
need to display their cultural and national
origins.
What reasons are the white ethnics
wanting to take a seat at the
“multicultural table”?
A. White ethnic “roots”
movement
B. Establish a public
identity
C. To show white ethnicity
as being beautiful
D. All of the above
0%
A
A.
B.
0%
C.
D.
B
A
B
0%
C
D
C
0%
D
Attitudes of Americans Toward Immigrant Minorities
Impact of the Holocaust
U.S. Resident Minority Populations, 2000 and 2003
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical
Abstract of the United States, 2004–2005.
Majority and Minority Median Household Incomes
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2005.
The U.S. Population by Race and Ethnicity, 2000 and 2050
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2004.
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2005.
Hate Groups in the
United States
Source: Adapted from Southern Poverty Law
Center Intelligence Project, “Active U.S. Hate
Groups in 2004.”
Sociology Chapter
Transparencies
Hate Crimes in the United States
Projected Changes in U.S.
Racial/Ethnic Composition
Who’s on the Net—By Income Level
Who’s on the Net—Race and Education
minority
a group of people with physical or cultural
traits different from those of the dominant
group in the society
race
people sharing certain inherited physical
characteristics that are considered
important within a society
ethnic minority
group identified by cultural, religious, or
national characteristics
assimilation
the blending or fusing of minority groups
into the dominant society
cultural pluralism
desire of a group to maintain some sense of
identity separate from the dominant group
genocide
the systematic effort to destroy an entire
population
subjugation
process by which a minority group is denied
equal access to the benefits of a society
de jure segregation
denial of equal access based on the law
de facto segregation
denial of equal access based on everyday
practice
prejudice
widely held negative attitudes toward a
group (minority or majority) and its
individual members
racism
an extreme form of prejudice that assumes
superiority of one group over others
discrimination
treating people differently based on
ethnicity, race, religion, or culture
hate crime
a criminal act motivated by prejudice
stereotype
a distorted, exaggerated, or oversimplified
image applied to a category of people
self-fulfilling prophecy
an expectation that leads to behavior that
causes the expectation to become reality
institutionalized discrimination
unfair practices that grow out of common
behaviors and attitudes and that are a part
of the structure of a society
hidden unemployment
unemployment that includes people not
counted in the traditional unemployment
categories
underclass
people typically unemployed who come
from families that have been poor for
generations
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