Transcript Socialization - Bakersfield College

Chapter 3
Socialization
Society Makes Us Human
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Feral Children
Isolated Children
Institutionalized Children
Deprived Animals
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Socialization into the Self and Mind
• Cooley and the Looking Glass Self
– Imitation, Play, Team Games
• Mead and Role Taking
– Imitation
– Play
– Team Games
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Module 14
Cooley: Looking-Glass Self
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View of ourselves comes from
contemplation of personal qualities and
impressions of how others perceive us
Looking-glass self:
The self is product of
social interactions with other people
Module 14
Mead: Stages of the Self
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Preparatory Stage:
Children imitate
people around them
– As they grow older,
children become more
adept at using symbols
Module 14
Mead: Stages of the Self
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Play Stage: Children develop
skill in communicating through
symbols and role taking occurs
– Role taking:
Process of mentally
assuming perspective
of another and
responding from that
imagined viewpoint
Module 14
Mead: Stages of the Self
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Game Stage: Children of about 8 or 9
consider several actual tasks and
relationships simultaneously
-Mead used the
game of baseball
as an example of
this stage
Mead: Stages of the Self
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Generalized others: Children of about 10
begin to take the attitudes, viewpoints,
and expectations of society as a whole
into account.
Mead and Role-taking
The self is divided into “I” and “Me”:
• “I” represents the unique traits of each
person.
• “Me” is composed of the demands of others
and the awareness of those demands.
• “I” develops first. “Me” is formed during first
three stages of self development.
Module 14
Mead: Theory of the Self
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Self begins as privileged, central
position in a person’s world
As the person matures, the self changes
and begins to reflect greater concern
about reactions of others
Significant others: Individuals most
important in the development of the self
Module 14
Goffman:
Presentation of the Self
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Impression management: Individual
learns to slant presentation of self to
create distinctive appearances and satisfy
particular audiences
– Also known as dramaturgical approach
Face-work: Need to maintain proper
image of self to continue social interaction
Module 14
Psychological
Approaches to the Self
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Sigmund Freud
Art to come
– Self is a social product
– Natural impulsive instincts
in constant conflict with
societal constraints
– Personality influenced by others
(especially one’s parents)
– Self has components that work
in opposition to each other
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
• Human development occurs in three
states that reflect different levels of
personality:
– Id: Present at birth; Pleasure principle
– Ego: Develops over the first few years;
Reality principle
– Superego: Develops in a preschool child;
Morality principle
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
 Personality Development
 To the id, the world is a jumble of physical
sensations that bring pleasure or pain
 As the superego develops, moral concepts of
right and wrong are learned
 Id and superego remain in conflict
 Managed by the ego in a well-adjusted person
Module 14
Psychological
Approaches to the Self
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Piaget
– Emphasized stages that humans
progress through as the self develops
– Cognitive theory of development:
four stages in development
of children’s thought processes
Social interaction key to development
Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
Cognitive Development
• Jean Piaget used five key concepts to
explain how cognitive development
occurs:
– Schema
– Assimilation
– Accommodation
– Equilibrium
– Equilibration
Socialization into the Self and Mind
• Piaget and the Development of Reasoning
– The sensorimotor stage
– The preoperational stage
– The concrete operational stage
– The formal operational stage
• Global Aspects of the Self and Reasoning
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Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive
Development
1. Sensorimotor stage (birth to age 2) children understand the world through
sensory contact and immediate action.
2. Preoperational stage (age 2 to 7) children begin to use words as symbols
and form mental images.
Conservation and Reversibility
Problems
Conservation and Reversibility
Problems
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive
Development
3. Concrete operational stage (7 to 11) children think in terms of tangible objects
and events.
4. Formal operational stage (12 and up) adolescents begin to think about the
future and evaluate different courses of
action.
Module 14
The Life Course
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Rites of Passage: Means of dramatizing
and validating changes in a person’s
status
Life Course Approach: Looking closely
at social factors that influence people
throughout their lives
Most difficult socialization
challenges occur in later years
Socialization into Emotions
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Global Emotions
Following “Feeling Rules”
What We Feel
Research Needed
Society Within Us: The Self and Emotions
as Social Control
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Society Within Us
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The Self and Emotions as Social Control
Are We Free?
Expectations of Family and Friends
Social Mirror
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Socialization into Gender
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Learning the Gender Map
Gender Messages in the Family
Gender Messages from Peers
Gender Messages in the Mass Media
– Advertising
– Movies and Television; Video Games
– Anime
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Agents of Socialization
• The Family
– Social Class and Type of Work
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The Neighborhood
Religion
Day Care
The School and Peer Groups
The Workplace
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Socialization Through Life
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Childhood - Birth to ~12 yrs
Adolescence - 13 to 17 yrs
Transitional Adulthood - 18 to 29 yrs
The Middle Years - 30 to 65 yrs
– Early Middle Years - 30 to 49 yrs
– Later Middle Years - 50 to 65 yrs
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Transitional Adulthood: A New Stage in the Life Course
Who has completed the transition?
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Socialization Through Life
• The Older Years (about age 65 on)
– The Transitional Older Years
– The Later Older Years
• Sociological Significance of Life Course
– Does Not Merely Represent Biology
– Social Factors Influence Life Course
– Social Location Very Significant
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Are We Prisoners of Socialization?
• Sociologists Do Not Think So
– We have a self
• Individual behavior is hard to predict
• Individuals Are Actively Involved in the
Construction of the Self
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.