Transcript CHAPTER 4 Social Structure

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
CHAPTER 4
Social Structure
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Section 3: Types of Societies
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Objectives:
 Identify and describe the two major
components of social structure.
 Analyze how these two components of social
structure affect human interaction.
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Major Components of Social Structure
 Status
 Role
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
 People’s particular roles and statuses affect
how they relate to one another.
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Key terms
 Social Structure – Network of interrelated statuses
and roles that guides human interactions.
 Status – Socially defined positions in a group in a
society.
 Role – Behavior – the rights and obligations –
expected of someone occupying a particular status.
 Ascribed Status – Status assigned according to
standards that are beyond a person’s control. Age,
sex, family history and race are examples.
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Key Terms
(continued)
 Achieved Status – Status acquired by an individual
on the basis of some special skill, knowledge, or
ability.
 Master Status – Status that plays the greatest role in
shaping a person’s life and determining his or her
social identity.
 Reciprocal Roles – Corresponding roles that define
the patterns of interactions between related statuses.
 Role Expectations – Socially determined behaviors
expected of a person performing a role.
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Key Terms
(continued)
 Role Performance – Actual behavior of a person
performing a role.
 Role Set – different roles attached to a single status.
 Role Conflict- Situation that occurs when fulfilling
the expectation of one role makes it difficult to fulfill
the expectations of another role.
 Role Strain – Situation that occurs when a person
has difficulty meeting the expectations of a single
role.
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Status
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Examples of
Roles
Examples of
Conflict / Strain
voluntarily puts self in
danger but has loved ones
who need him or her
fire
fighter
putting out fires, saving
lives, wearing a uniform
mother
providing food and shelter, work fatigue and long shifts
nurturing family,
make household tasks and
disciplining children
interactions difficult
P.T.A.
president
running meetings,
recruiting new members,
planning activities
has trouble getting members
to attend and follow through
on promises
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Objectives:
 Identify the most common types of social
interaction.
 Distinguish between types of interactions that
stabilize social structure and those that can
disrupt it.
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
 Exchange – interacting in an effort to receive a
reward or a return for one’s actions
 Competition – two or more people or groups in
opposition to achieve a goal that only one can attain
 Conflict – the deliberate attempt to control a person
by force, to oppose someone else, or to harm another
person
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
(continued)
 Cooperation – two or more people or groups
working together to achieve a goal that will
benefit more than one of them
 Accommodation – a state of balance between
cooperation and conflict
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
 Social Institution – System of statuses, roles, values, and
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norms that is organized to satisfy one or more of the basic
needs of society.
Exchange Theory – Theory that holds that people are
motivated by self-interests in their interactions
Reciprocity – Idea that if you do something for someone, they
owe you something in return.
Georg Simmel – Sociologist – Identified four sources of
conflict.
A. War
B. Disagreement with in groups
C. Legal Disputes
D. Clashes over Ideology
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Interactions That Stabilize and Disrupt
 Competition and Conflict – disrupt social
stability
 Accommodation, Exchange, and Cooperation
stabilize social stability
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Objectives:
 Identify and describe the types of societies that
exist in the world today.
 Explain the roles individuals play in these
models of group systems.
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Types of Societies
 Preindustrial – food production is the main economic
activity and can be subdivided according to the level
of technology and the method of producing food
 Industrial – emphasis shifts from the production of
food to the production of manufactured goods made
possible by changes in production methods
 Postindustrial – much of the economy is involved in
providing information and services
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Roles of Individuals
 Roles related to:
 Leadership
 Family
 Work
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Preindustrial
hunting and
gathering; pastoral;
horticultural;
mechanical
solidarity
Industrial
agricultural
Types of
Societies
manufacturing
urban;
technology;
organic solidarity
Postindustrial
information;
provision of services
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Group – Set of two or more people who interact on the
basis of shared expectations and who possess some degree
of common identity.
Preindustrial Society - Type of societies in which food
productions- carried out through the use of human and
animal labor is the main economic activity.
Subsistence Strategies – Ways in which a society uses
technology to provide for the needs of its members.
Hunting and Gathering Societies – Type of society
characterized by the daily collection of wild plants and the
hunting of wild animals as the main form of subsistence.
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Pastoral Society – Type of society characterized by a
reliance on domesticated herd animals as the main form of
subsistence.
Horticultural Society – Type of society characterized by a
reliance on vegetables grown in garden plants as the main
form of subsistence.
Agricultural Society – Type of society characterized by the
use of draft animals and plows in the tilling of fields.
Industrial Societies – Type of Society in which the
mechanized production of goods is the main economic
activity.
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Postindustrial Society – Type of society in which
economic activities centers on the production of
information and provision of services.
Division of Labor – Specialization by individuals or groups
in the performance of specific economic activities.
Barter – Practice of exchanging one good for another.
Urbanization – Concentration of the population in cities.
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
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Mechanical Solidarity – Close-knit-social relationships
common in Preindustrial societies that result when a small
group of people share values and perform the same task.
(San, Arapesh)
Organic Solidarity – Impersonal social relationships,
common in Industrial societies that arise with increased job
specialization.
Gemeinschaft – Societies in which most members know
one another, relationships are close, and activities center on
the family and the community.
Gesellschaft – Societies in which social relationships are
based upon need rather than on emotions, relationships are
impersonal and temporary and individual goals are more
important than group goals.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Objectives:
 Summarize the major features of primary and
secondary groups.
 Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Primary Groups
 Interact over a long period of time on a direct
and personal basis
 Entire self of the individual is taken into
account
 Relationships are intimate and face-to-face
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Secondary Groups
 Interaction is impersonal and temporary in
nature
 Involve a reaction to only a part of the
individual’s self
 Casual and limited to personal involvement
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
define boundaries
set goals
make decisions
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select leaders
GROUP
FUNCTIONS
assign tasks
control members’ behavior
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Purposes of Groups
 Select leaders – people that influence the attitudes
and opinions of others
 Define their boundaries – so that members can tell
who belongs and who does not
 Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions
 Control their members’ behavior – if members
violate groups norms, the group cannot survive long
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
 Aggregate – Groups of people gathered in the same
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place at the same time who lack organization or
lasting patterns of interactions.
Social Category – Group of people who share a
common trait or status.
Dyad – Group with two members.
Triad – Three- person group.
Small Group – Group with few enough numbers that
everyone is able to interact on a face to face basis
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
 Formal Group – A group in which the structure,
goals, and activities of the group are clearly defined.
 Informal Group – A group in which there is no
official structure or established rules of conduct.
 Primary Group – Small group of people who
interact over a relatively long period of time on a
direct and personal basis.
 Secondary Group – Group in which interaction is
impersonal and temporary in nature.
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
 Reference Group – Any group with whom individuals
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identify and who’s attitudes and values they often adopt.
In-Group – Group that an individual belongs to and identifies
with.
Out-Group – Any group that an individual does not belong to
or identify with.
E-Community – A community of people who interact through
the internet or other electronic communications.
Social Network – Web relationship that is formed by the sum
total of an individual's interactions with other people.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
 Leaders – People who influence the attitudes
and opinions of others.
 Instrumental Leaders – Leaders who are
task- oriented.
 Expressive Leaders – Leaders who are
emotion- oriented
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Objectives:
 Explain how bureaucracies are structured.
 Evaluate the effectiveness of bureaucracies.
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
1. Division of Labor
2. Ranking of Authority
Bureaucracy
5. Specific lines of promotion and
advancement
4. Rules and Regulations
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(Characteristics
identified by
Max Weber)
3. Employment based on
Formal qualification
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
 Formal Organization – Large, complex secondary group that
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has been established to achieve specific goals. (Examples:
Schools, businesses, political and religious and youth
organizations, and labor unions)
Bureaucracy – Ranked authority structure that operates
according to specific rules and procedures.
Rationality – The process of subjecting every feature of
human behavior to calculations, measurement, and control.
Voluntary Association – Non profit association formed to
pursue some common interest.
Iron Law of Oligarchy – Tendency of organizations to
become increasingly dominated by small groups of people.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Weber’s Model
 Division of Labor- Work is divided among specialist in
various positions. Each specialist is expected to perform
specific duties.
 Ranking of Authority- There are clear cut lines of
responsibility, and each individual is responsible to a
supervisor at a higher level.
 Employment based on formal qualifications- Specific
qualifications are required for each job. Individuals are hired
based upon tests, education or previous experience. (In a
bureaucracy, the job –not the job holder –is important.
Therefore everybody is replaceable).
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Weber’s Model
(continued)
 Rules and regulations- There are objective rules, regulations,
and routine procedures that identify the exact responsibilities
and authority of each person on staff.
 Specific lines of promotion and advancement- It is assumed
that employees expect a career with the organization. Thus
there are clear-cut lines of promotion and advancement.
Among the rewards for remaining with the organization are
job security and seniority.
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Head of the Bureaucracy
(CEO, Superintendent, president, etc.)
Department Head/VP
Department Head/VP
Subordinate
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Effectiveness of Bureaucracies
 Efficient at coordinating large numbers of
people, defining tasks and rewards
 Provides stability
 Can lose sight of goals, create red tape, and
result in oligarchies
 In some instances, rewards incompetence and
expands uncontrollably
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CHAPTER 4
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
SOCIOLOGY
Chapter Wrap-Up
1. How can a person’s status differ from his or her role?
2. How does role conflict affect groups and individuals?
How can it be resolved?
3. What are the five most common forms of interaction
recognized by sociologists?
4. Identify and describe the three broad categories of
societies used by sociologists.
5. How do the roles of group members differ between
primary and secondary groups?
6. What, according to Max Weber’s model, are the major
characteristics of a bureaucracy?
7. What weaknesses influence the effectiveness of
bureaucracies?
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
CHAPTER 4
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
SOCIOLOGY
Essay Questions
1. Define bureaucracy, identify the five characteristics of a
bureaucracy, and then explain which of the five characteristics
is most related to “The Peter Principle”.
2. Identify six types of societies and describe the subsistence
strategy of each society.
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