Transcript Love and pleasure

EMOTION AND
SEXUALITY
OPTIMISTIC AND
TENDER LOVERS
LOVE
A
N
D
PLEASURE
THE STYLES OF LOVE
SOURCES OF PLEASURE
THE STYLES OF LOVE
Love is regarded as subjective and intimate, and has the
following consequences:
romance, falling in love, jealousy, protection, altruism.
To describe the styles of love three theories have emerged from
various sociologists and psychologists:
The six styles of love
Triangle theory
Theory of exchange
THE SIX STYLES OF LOVE
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The sociologist John Alan Lee wrote six philosophical
and literary texts representing the couple's relationship:
Eros (romantic love): is characterized by passion and
desire.
Ludus (playful love): characterized by sexual freedom
searching for new adventures.
Storge (friendly love): characterized by common
interests and habits, this relationship derives from an
established friendship. The two rarely argue and the
center of the relationship are trust and security.
Mania (jealous love): characterized by a determined
possessive love and jealousy.
Pragma (pragmatic love): characterized by an exact
idea of their future which must be reconciled with the
couple's relationship.
Agape (altruistic love): characterized by self-denial and
sacrifice. The good of others is prefixed to his own.
TRIANGLE THEORY
Elaborated by the psychologist Robert Strenberg, is a theory that combines passion,
intimacy and bonding.
PASSION: love binds with sexuality; it is irrational and escapes our conscious control.
INTIMACY: it allows the partners to be open to each other.
BOND: Indicates how much time and energy we invest in a relationship.
There are various possible types of triangles:
passion
passion
passion
intimacy
bond
bond
intimacy
Perfect love
intimacy
bond
Love oriented to the
passion
Love oriented to the
bond
THEORY OF EXCHANGE
Written by the sociologist Harold Kelly: Humans build a lasting relationship only when
they can gratify each other.
If the love styles are similar there is a gain for both partners and this occurs in
romantic, friendly, pragmatic and altruistic love.
However, if two people are incompatible, each one tries to rehabilitate the other
such as in the altruistic love.
The way to love is also influenced by the experiences of the relationships made ​earlier.
Love is not a destiny as a lot of people think, says Harold Kelly, but it is determined by
our experiences and what we expect from it.
EMOTION AND
SEXUALITY
The emotions are the focus of discussions and theories
both by scientists, psychologists and philosophers.
Joseph le Doux
Le Doux has enunciated a number of
theories that deal with strong
emotions and relationships between
the structures of the limbic system
(the amygdala). Le Doux refers
specifically to the fear that is a very
significant primary emotion.
Without the amygdala our body would
not be able to perceive a series of
warning signs: in humans and
animals, these signals are interpreted
by the limbic system that organizes
the reactions.
Subsequently, the signal reaches the
cortex that may increase or repress
these reactions.
Sigmund Freud
According to Freud, sexuality is a primary need, which contributes to
satisfy the needs of the organism. In their most reductionist needs it
implies a biological features and automatic choices . Physiologists have
described the level of the deep nucleus of the hypothalamus and
brain mechanisms that serve to satisfy needs or deficiencies.
James Olds
It is demonstrated with the
research of James Olds that there
are "pleasure centers". Pleasure
is a a discharge of nervous
mediators that "light up" in our
brains. These instincts drive us to
search for new and exciting
stimuli. When sex goes to show a
state of falling in love there is a
component which opposes the
quest for novelty: the attachment.
John Bowlby
The attachment has a
crucial role, it shows how
from an early age we are
emotionally involved with a
figure of reference. When
one partner feels
abandoned, he experienced
a kind of "mourning" the fact
of being deprived of a form
of security.
Michael Liebowitz
In a love relationship , attachment comes later. In the first phase, the
partners are living a state of euphoria that isolates them from the world.
After that ,they live a more peaceful emotional state in which the brain
secretes endorphins which calm the mind and leads to feelings of
safety. In this way the couple's bond is formed with a feeling of
warmness and security.
PLEASURE
DESIRE &
LOVE
PLEASURE
It is related to the desire that in the evolutionary process
has been developed to promote reproduction. These
events are mediated by various neurotransmitters that act
in different brain structures.
Stimulation excites the nerve bundles that pass through
the requested area; this is possible thanks to dopamine
stimulation.
We don’t yet know all the brain areas involved in feelings
of pleasure and love.
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a role in controlling the movement and reward
systems in the brain.
DESIRE& LOVE
Desire and love are produced primarily in the brain and
direct our behavior.
Sexual orientation depends on the identity acquired during
life, which not only manifests in corporeal sexual
characteristics, but also in the brain. Here a variety of
hormones in particular sex ones , have a decisive
importance.
Preferring Partners of our own sex or the other one
depends not only from our education, but also from the
individual development of the brain.
Physical attraction and bond with our partners, have the
aim of ensuring the biological reproduction.
Sexual behavior is partially dissociated from a purely
biological reproductive purposes, and that is why the aim
to achieve sexual pleasure.
While falling in love has been noted and studied a phenomenon in which
four areas are activated in the limbic system, simultaneously turn off nerve
nucleus scattered.
The four areas that show an intensification of their activities
during the fall in love are located two in the putamen, one
in front of the cingulate gyrus, and one in the insula.
In zoology, mating is the act of conjunction
by which certain animals
that reproduce by sexual reproduction
Dioecious or hermaphroditic achieve fertilization.
Neurophysiological studies, reveal that the regions of the
hypothalamus stimulates sexual desire which are not activated
by love.
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
DOPAMINE
SEROTONIN
DOPAMINE
Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter present in a wide
variety of animals, including both vertebrates and
invertebrates.Dopamine is produced in several areas of the brain,
including the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area.
Dopamine is also a neurohormone released by the hypothalamus.
Its main function as a hormone is to inhibit the release of prolactin
from the anterior lobe of the pituitary.
Dopamine is available as an intravenous medication acting on the
sympathetic nervous system, producing effects such as increased
heart rate and blood pressure. However, because dopamine
cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, dopamine given as a drug
does not directly affect the central nervous system. To increase the
amount of dopamine in the brains of patients with diseases such as
Parkinson's disease and dopa-responsive dystonia, L-DOPA (the
precursor of dopamine), is often given because it crosses the bloodbrain barrier relatively easily.
SEROTONIN
Serotonin is a monoamine neurotransmitter. It is a well-known contributor to
feelings of well-being; therefore it is also known as a "happiness hormone" despite
not being a hormone.
it has various functions that include the regulation of mood, appetite, sleep, as well
as muscle contraction. Serotonin also has some cognitive functions, including in
memory and learning.
Serotonin secreted from the enterochromaffin cells eventually finds its way out of
tissues into the blood. Serotonin also is a growth factor for some types of cells, which
may give it a role in wound healing.
One type of tumor, called carcinoid, sometimes secretes large amounts of serotonin
into the blood, which causes various forms of the carcinoid syndrome of flushing,
diarrhea, and heart problems
In addition to animals, serotonin is also found in fungi and plants. Serotonin's
presence in insect venoms and plant spines serves to cause pain, which is a side
effect of serotonin injection. Serotonin is produced by pathogenic amoebas, and its
effect on the gut causes diarrhea. Its widespread presence in many seeds and fruits
may serve to stimulate the digestive tract into expelling the seeds.