Transcript Chapter 1
Mainstream and Crosscurrents, Second Edition Chapter 3 Theories of Crime Demonology The earliest explanations for deviant behavior attributed crime to supernatural forces. One method to determine guilt or innocence was trial by ordeal. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller 2 © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved. Classical school of criminology States that people freely choose to engage in crime. Represented primarily in the works of Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller 3 © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved. Criminological Theories Classical school Beccaria's Nine Principles: Free will and punishment based on humane principles. Bentham's utilitarianism theory: People are guided by desire for pleasure and aversion to pain. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller 4 © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved. Positivist school of criminology A natural outgrowth of the rise of the scientific method. Looked to science to understand crime Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller 5 © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved. Criminological Theories – Positivist School Biological theories Phrenology Atavisms Physiology Somatotyping XYY Syndrome Biochemistry Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller 6 © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved. Criminological Theories – Positivist School Biological theories Phrenology Franz Joseph Gall measured bumps on the skull to determine personality. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller 7 © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved. Criminological Theories – Positivist School Biological theories Atavisms—The appearance in a person of physical features thought to be from earlier stages of human evolution. Lombroso believed lawbreakers were physically different from the lawabiding. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller 8 © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved. Criminological Theories – Positivist School Biological theories Physiology Earnest Hooton claimed there were differences between the features of criminals and the features of noncriminals. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller 9 © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved. Criminological Theories – Positivist School Biological theories Somatotyping—The use of body types and physical characteristics to classify human personalities. Sheldon used this term to describe his three physical variations: endomorph, mesomorph, and ectomorph. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller 10 © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved. Criminological Theories – Positivist School Biological theories XYY Syndrome—A condition in which a male is born with an extra Y chromosome. A chromosomal condition that, at one time, some scientists thought was connected to anti-social behavior. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller 11 © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved. Criminological Theories – Positivist School Biological theories Biochemistry Hormones, brain structure, and brain chemistry all appear to affect behavior. However, isolating any actual, identifiable physical influence on crime is problematic. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller 12 © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved. Criminological Theories – Positivist School Psychological theories Psychoanalytic theory Behaviorism Observational learning Cognitive psychological theory Psychopathy Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller 13 © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved. Criminological Theories – Positivist School Psychological theories Psychoanalytic theory Freud's theories focused on unconscious forces and drives. Freud believed healthy people had a proper balance of id, ego, and superego. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller 14 © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved. Criminological Theories – Positivist School Psychological theories Behaviorism—The assessment of human psychology via the examination of objectively observable and quantifiable actions, as opposed to subjective mental states. Based on operant conditioning, which states that behavior is more likely to occur when rewarded and less likely to occur when punished or not rewarded. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller 15 © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved. Criminological Theories – Positivist School Psychological theories Observational learning—The process of learning by watching the behavior of others. Reciprocal determinism—What we think affects how we behave and how we perceive our surroundings. In return, our surroundings reflect our behavior to some extent, which affects how we think. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller 16 © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved. Criminological Theories – Positivist School Psychological theories Bandura’s reciprocal determinism Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller 17 © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved. Criminological Theories – Positivist School Psychological theories Cognitive psychological theory Kohlberg’s theory of moral development: Human moral development proceeds through clearly defined stages. Criminal offenders are stuck at the lower stages of moral development. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller 18 © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved. Criminological Theories – Positivist School Psychological theories Psychopathy Psychopathy refers to a specific condition which is only sometimes paired with heinous criminal offending. Antisocial personality disorder: “a pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood.” (American Psychiatric Association) Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller 19 © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved. CrossCurrents Positivist school of criminology The criminal profile Criminal profiling is an aspect of the now set-aside trait approach of psychology The FBI began to use criminal profiling in 1970 One of the first official uses of profiling to investigate a criminal suspect occurred in 1956 in New York City. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller 20 © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved. Criminological Theories – Positivist School Sociological theories Chicago school Differential association theory Strain theory Social control theory Neutralization theory Labeling theory Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller 21 © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved. Criminological Theories – Positivist School Sociological theories Chicago school—Criminological theories that rely, in part, on individuals’ demographics and geographic location to explain criminal behavior. Examined external causes of crime, such as poverty and bad neighborhoods. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller 22 © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved. Criminological Theories – Positivist School Sociological theories Differential association theory—A theory developed by Edwin Sutherland that states that crime is learned. Sutherland claimed that crime is learned. Akers combined this with behaviorism. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller 23 © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved. Criminological Theories – Positivist School Sociological theories strain theory—The causes of crime can be connected to the pressure on culturally or materially disadvantaged groups or individuals to achieve the goals held by society, even if the means to those goals require the breaking of laws. Merton developed this theory influenced by Durkheim's theory of anomie, stating that problems arise with unequal access to societal norms. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller 24 © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved. Criminological Theories – Positivist School Sociological theories Social control theory—Seeks not to explain why people break the law, but instead explores what keeps most people from breaking the law. Hirschi: Crime occurs when the social bond is weakened. Four elements of the social bond: attachment, commitment, involvement, beliefs Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller 25 © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved. Criminological Theories – Positivist School Sociological theories Neutralization theory—A perspective that states that juvenile delinquents have feelings of guilt when involved in illegal activities and search for explanations to diminish that guilt. Seeks to explain how delinquents use five techniques of neutralization to drift between conventional and delinquent lifestyles. Denial of responsibility Denial of injury Denial of victim Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller Condemnation of condemners Appeal to higher loyalty 26 © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved. Criminological Theories – Positivist School Sociological theories Labeling theory—Considers recidivism to be a consequence, in part, of the negative labels applied to offenders. Offenders strive to live up to the outsider or deviant label. Lemert distinguished between primary and secondary deviation. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller 27 © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved. Criminological Theories – Positivist School Critical sociological theories Marxism Gender and justice Critical race theory Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller 28 © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved. Criminological Theories – Positivist School Critical sociological theories Marxism Sociologists used Marxist theory to note that those in power control the making and enforcement of the law. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller 29 © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved. Criminological Theories – Positivist School Critical sociological theories Gender and justice Examines how women are treated differently from men. Also notes that some research assumed women as a subset of men and used the same findings for both men and women. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller 30 © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved. Criminological Theories – Positivist School Critical sociological theories Critical race theory Observes that people of color are overrepresented at every decision point of the criminal justice system. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller 31 © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved. CrossCurrents Positivist school of criminology A history of violence in Chicago Is Chicago any different from other large US cities in its upsurge of violent crime? Besides social disorganization, what other more contemporary theories may help explain crime in Chicago? Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller 32 © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved. Integrated Theories of Crime Recognizing that traditional biological, psychological, and sociological theories are of limited utility, integrationists attempt to link theories. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller 33 © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved. Integrated Theories of Crime Integrated Theory of Delinquent Behavior Interactional Theory of Delinquency Control Balance Theory Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller 34 © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved. Integrated Theories of Crime Integrated Theory of Delinquent Behavior Youths experience issues with strain, social control, and association with delinquent peer groups regardless of class The types of issues differ depending on social class depending on class expectations or aspirations. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller 35 © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved. Integrated Theories of Crime Interactional Theory of Delinquency Considers how parental attachment diminishes as youths grow older and how commitment to conventional values, such as employment and education, protects the youth from delinquent behavior. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller 36 © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved. Integrated Theories of Crime Control Balance Theory All relationships exhibit a power differential. A balance between the amount of control one has and the amount that one is controlled that determines how or whether he or she will break the law. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller 37 © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved. Life-Course and Developmental Theories The life-course perspective uses longitudinal data to observe how subjects grow and mature over long periods of time. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller 38 © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved. Life-Course and Developmental Theories Moffitt’s Pathway Theory Laub and Sampson’s PersistentOffending and Desistance-fromCrime Theory Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller 39 © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved. Life-course and Developmental Theories Moffitt’s Pathway Theory Life-course-persistent offenders engage in antisocial behavior for long periods of time. Adolescence-limited offenders have few problems in childhood and are unlikely to continue adolescent antisocial behavior into adulthood. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller 40 © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved. Life-course and Developmental Theories Laub and Sampson’s Persistent-offending and Desistance-from-crime Theory Some youths continue in a trajectory of crime throughout their lives, while others experience turning points in which they became more involved in society and conventional behavior. Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller 41 © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved. Questions What is the classical school of criminology’s main argument? What factors gave rise to the positivist school of criminology? What advantages do life-course theories have over other criminological theories? Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller 42 © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.