Transcript Overview of Different Types of Values

Overview of Different
Types of Values
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
1
2
4
What I’m Going to Do
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
• Discuss Different Values
• Ask LOTS of Questions
• Get You to Think of the Answers
1
2
4
Value
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
• Social -- the principles, standards, or quality
which guides human actions
• Economic -- the market or estimated worth
of commodities
1
2
4
Social Values
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
• The quality (positive or negative) that
renders something desirable or valuable
1
2
4
From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Values
Social Values
0011 0010
1010
1101(positive
0001 0100
1011 that renders something desirable or
• The
quality
or negative)
valuable
• Principles, standards or qualities considered
worthwhile or desirable by the person who
holds them.
1
2
4
From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Values
Social Values
0011 0010
1010
1101(positive
0001 0100
1011 that renders something desirable or
• The
quality
or negative)
valuable
• Principles, standards or qualities considered worthwhile or desirable by
the person who holds them.
1
2
• Those qualities of behavior, thought, and
character that society regards as being
intrinsically good, having desirable results,
and worthy of emulation by others.
4
From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Values
Social Values
• The
quality
(positive
or negative)
that renders something desirable or valuable
0011 0010
1010
1101
0001
0100 1011
• Principles, standards or qualities considered worthwhile or desirable by the person who
holds them.
• Those qualities of behavior, thought, and character that society regards as being
intrinsically good, having desirable results, and worthy of emulation by others.
• Values are our subjective reactions to the
world around us. They guide and mold our
options and behavior. Values have three
important characteristics.
1
2
4
– Developed early in life and are very resistant to change.
– Define what is right and what is wrong.
– Cannot be proved correct or incorrect, valid or invalid,
right or wrong. Values tell what we should believe,
regardless of any evidence or lack thereof.
From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Values
Economic Values
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
• Does Price = Value?
• Assumes perfectly competitive market
–
–
–
–
–
Many buyers and sellers
Perfect knowledge
Homogeneous products
All resources are mobile
Free entry/exit from market
1
2
4
Social and Economic Value
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
• How well does Market Price approximate
Economic Value?
• Does Social Value equal Economic Value?
• How do we reconcile?
• Economists use Willingness-to-Pay to
approximate value, what do sociologists
use?
1
2
4
Different Values
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
•
•
•
•
Market and Nonmarket
Use and Nonuse
Option, Bequest, Existence
Economic and Social
1
2
4
– Is economic value a subset of social value?
Why are Values Important?
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
• Why do agencies want to know values of
ecosystem services?
• Allocation of their scarce resources (labor
and capital) to provide the mix of goods and
services society values.
1
2
4
Allocation
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
• How do you weight different uses?
• Market goods and services – relative prices
give weights
• Weights change
• Nonmarket goods and services
1
– What weights
– How comparable
2
4
Wallowa-Whitman National Forest
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
1
2
4
How much wilderness is enough?
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
• Society “values” wilderness characteristics
• First Wilderness Area (best characteristics)
designated – most valuable
• Is the next area as valuable to society?
• How about the next? And the one after that?
1
2
4
Areas with Wilderness Potential
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
• Alternative uses
– Wilderness
– Backcountry recreation
– Development
1
2
4
• How do you decide which values are most
important?
• Marginal valuation
To Subdivide or Not
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
1
2
4
Ranchettes
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
• Know there is a market value for the small
acreage parcel
• Know there is a desire to not have land
broken up
1
2
4
– Market value of intact area
– Social values
– Values placed on Ecological characteristics
Ranchettes
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
• So which set of values dominate?
• Why would the landowner enter into a
conservation easement?
• Is it only $ of the easement?
• Is location important? Timing?
1
2
4
Choices
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
1
This or This?
2
4
Questions to Ponder
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
• Can you add up market and nonmarket
values?
• How much wilderness (biodiversity, water
quality) is enough?
• If fishing in the trout pond outside the lodge
is worth $X, is all fishing worth $X?
• Does everything have to put in dollar terms?
1
2
4
Questions to Ponder
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
• What is the trade-off between a tangible
(market) good and an intangible
(nonmarket) service if they are competitive?
Antagonistic?
1
2
4
Questions to Ponder
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
• How do you compare an economic value
expressed in $ with a social value expressed
in “I want more …”?
• Which one affects ecological processes
more?
1
2
4
Indicators and Values
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
27. Value of forage harvested from rangeland
by livestock
28. Value of production of non-livestock
products produced from rangeland
54. Public beliefs, attitudes, and behavioral
intentions towards natural resources
1
2
4
Adding Up
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
• Discussed many times – How do we avoid
double, triple, quadruple counting?
• Is that important for the Indicator work?
• Do we really need a common metric ($)?
• What do private landowners and public land
managers respond to?
1
– What values are important?
2
4
Adding Up
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
• In terms of conceptual model
– Ecosystem Services used
– Some have $ values, others just social values
1
2
• Important issues are whether either value
affects the ecological or human subsystems
and how
• Are “market” imperfections the cause?
4
Values and SRR
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
• Back to the beginning!
• Indicators meant to be “valueless” – things
we monitor
• Common data set that each individual will
view differently depending on their own
value set
1
2
4