Transcript Animal Phyla Chart - Deer Creek Middle School

Characteristics of life (9):
FRED H GARC
F – Use and need Food
R – Reproduction
E – Must be able to transfer Energy
D – Develop to maturity
Homeostasis: maintain a stable internal state
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Characteristics of Life
FRED H GARC
G – Growth - body mass, living material
A – Adapt to change (group evolve over time)
R – Respond to stimuli
C – Made of at least one (1) Cell
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BACTERIA
PROTISTS
FUNGI
PLANTS
ANIMALS
TRANSPORT/
CIRCULATION
-Diffusion
-Osmosis
-Diffusion
-Osmosis
-Diffusion
-Osmosis
-Diffusion
-Osmosis
-Transpiration-cohesion
(through xylem)
-Pressure flow
mechanism (through
phloem)
-Diffusion
-Osmosis
-Blood vessels and
heart (open & closed
circulatory system)
GAS
EXCHANGE
-Diffusion
-Diffusion
-Diffusion
-Diffusion
-Stomata and lenticels
-Diffusion through skin,
gills, or lungs
REPRODUCTION
-Binary fission
-Asexual and sexual
-Asexual and sexual
-Alternation of
generation (mosses and
ferns)
-Sexual (seed plants)
-Mainly sexual (male
and female gametes)
-Internal or external
fertilization
RESPONSE TO
ENVIRONMENT
-Chemical responses
-Simple tactic responses
-Simple responses to
water and temperature
-Phototropism
-Geotropism
-Thigmotropism
-Nastic movements
-Hormone responses
-Innate behaviors
-Automatic responses
(reflexes)
-Instinct
-Hormones and
pheromones
-Learned behaviors
FOOD ACQUISITION
-Chemosynthetic and
photosynthetic
autotrophs
-Heterotrophs
-Photosynthetic
autotrophs (algae)
-Heterotrophs
(protozoans and funguslike protists)
-Absorptive
heterotrophs
-Photosynthetic
autotrophs
-Heterotrophs
-Incomplete and
complete digestive
systems
What is an animal?
Multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotroph that carries out:
Feeding
Excretion
Respiration
Response
Circulation
Reproduction
10 Organ systems (2+ tissue groups):
Digestive, Excretory, Respiratory, Muscular, Nervous, Skeletal, Nervous,
Endocrine, Lymphatic, Reproductive
,
The Origins of Animal Diversity
~ started half a billion years ago (Cambrian
Era) after dinosaur extinction.
Classification
Symmetry (3): Asymmetry; Bilateral, & Radial
Germ Layers: Tissue Layers of organism: Ectoderm, Endoderm &
Mesoderm
Coelum: Fluid filled cavity that is surrounded by a layer called the
mesoderm; found in developing organisms -- Holds and supports
internal organs.
Cephalization: Head region has nerves. Better protection
Locomotion: Does it move?
Habitat: where does it live?
Early Development: Protostome: 1 body opening: both nutrition &
excretion. Deuterostome: 2 body openings – separate for nutrition &
excretion
Classifying by:
1.
Tissue Pattern:
1.
2.
2.
Parazoa – no tissues (sponges)
Eumetazoa - true tissues (everything else)
Body Symmetry: asymmetrical, bilaterial and radial
3. Early development
Protostomes:
1 opening.
Most invertebrates.
Blastospore: mouth & anus
(food & excretion).
Deuterostomes: 2
openings. Echinoderms &
vertebrates
1st opening: anus/ excretion
2nd opening: mouth/ food
3 Germ layers
Functions
Ectoderm
outer layer (blue)
Skin, nerves, sense organs
Mesoderm - middle
layer
Muscles, circulatory,
reproductive , excretory &
skeletal system
Endoderm - inner layer
(yellow)
Digestive &respiratory
organs & system
3. Body cavity
Acoelomates (phylum Platyhelminthes) have
a solid body, lack a body cavity.
Coelomates
3. Body cavity
Pseudocoelomates - body cavity, not
completely lined by mesoderm: rotifers
(phylum Rotifera) roundworms (phylum
Nematoda).
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Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Invertebrates
No backbone, protostomes (exc. Echinodems)
95% of all species.
Simpler animals:
sponges, cnidarians, flatworms,
roundworms, annelids (segmented worms),
mollusks, arthropods, & echinoderms
Phylum
Examples
InvertebratesCharacteristics & Facts
Phylum
Examples
sessile, pores, filter
feeders, asymmetrical, no
tissues, acoelomates,
Annelida
earth worms,
leeches
segmented worms,
hermaphrodites, complete
digestive system,
regeneration
Mollusca
snail, clam,
octopus
soft body, 3 parts, “shelled”
(external or internal), bilateral
sym.
Platyhelminthes eye spots, pharynx at 1
flat worms
opening, parasites,
planeria,
bilateral, regeneration
tapeworms,
flukes
Arthropoda
Insects, spiders,
crabs, etc.
jointed legs, segmented
bodies, 75% animals belong
here, exoskeleton, bilateral,
metamorphosis.
Nematoda
round worms
heartworms,
hookworms,
pinworms
Echinodermata
Sea stars, sand
dollars, sea
urchin
spiny skin, endoskeleton,
water vascular system, tube
feet, radial symmetry.
Porifera
sponges
choanocytes (coral cells,
flagella trapping food & water
movement).
Invertebrates Characteristics & Facts
Regeneration Hermaphrodites -
Cnidaria
hydras, jellyfish,
coral
nematocytes (stinging
cells), polyp or medusa
form, 2 layers, radial sym.
digestive system,
parasites, decomposers,
bilateral, nonsegmented, in
water, soil, plants and animals.
Pseudocoelomates w/ cuticles.
Phylum Arthropoda
(Insects, spiders, crabs, etc.)
1 million arthropod species identified (75% of
all known organisms). 1018 individuals.
Most successful animal phylum based on
diversity, distribution, and sheer numbers.
In most spiders, gas exchange is carried out
by book lungs – gase exchange between
hemolymph (circulation) & air.
•Exoskeleton
(NO backbone)
• Segmented:
2 body parts
• 8 jointed legs
Fig. 33.30b
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Success of arthropods: Division of labor Specialized segments & appendages for
a variety of functions: jointed appendages,
segmented bodies, hard exoskeleton,
bilateral, metamorphosis.
-
INSECTS:
3 body parts:
• Head
• Thorax
• Abdomen
6 jointed legs.
2 antennae
exoskeleton
(outside skeleton)
Fig. 33.33
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Phylum Porifera (sponges):
Hermaphrodites - eggs and sperms within same body.
Regeneration: can repair or reproduce asexually from a broken fragment.
Phylum Cnidaria- Examples: hydras, jellyfish, coral
Polyps
( medussa)
Phylum Platyhelminthes
(flat worms)
3. Body cavity
Acoelomates (phylum Platyhelminthes) have
a solid body, lack a body cavity.
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Examples:
Free–living turbellarians,
Flukes: parasites live in multiple hosts (p.687).
Tapeworms: parasites live inside intestines. Contaminated meats have cysts
(dormant stage).
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Phylum Nematoda – round worms (nematodes)
parasites (pork pinworm)
free forms decompose,
recycle.
Found in water, soil,
plants and animals.
Examples: hookworms,
ascarids (p.692).
Phylum Annelida- Segmented worms
Earthworms- typical example: 1 mm - 3 m (giant Australian
earthworm).
• marine, bristle worms
• leaches (stimulate blood circulation of severed digits that are
sewn back after an accident).
Earthworm typical annelid:
segmented
Hermaphrodite
complete
digestive system
regeneration
Fig. 33.23
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Mollusca (Snails, slugs, octapus, squids, oysters, clams)
muscular foot, visceral mass, mantle
Deutorostomes
Echinodermata (star fishes)
Chordates: most are vertebrates, except
tunicates & lancelets  evolutionary
clues of vertebrates.
Vertebrates: mammals, birds, lizards,
snakes, turtles, amphibians, fishes,
primates, humans
Deuterostomes
Phylum
Echinodermata
Sessile (nonmobile), or slow-moving, spiny
skin, endoskeleton, water vascular system,
tube feet, radial symmetry
Phylum Chordata
• Two invertebrates
• All vertebrates
:
2 groups of Nonvertebrate Chordates
Tunicates
sessile marine, suspension-feeders.
Lancelets
ideal chordate: all
features shown in
adult stage.
Phylum Chordata – characteristics:
Notochord & Tail: visible during embryos
Pharyngeal pouches  lungs
1
Nerve cord: nerves
2
Most chordates are
Vertebrates. Except:
3
4
Vertebrates
1. a neural crest
2. pronounced cephalization- sensory
and nervous system in the head.
3. a vertebral column – support
(backbone)
4. a closed circulatory system –
oxygenated blood pump
Complex: fish, amphibians, reptiles,
birds, & mammals
Phylum Vertebrata (Class)/
Examples
Endotherm/
warm
Ectotherm/cold
Agnatha
2
bone/jawless
gills
hagfish, lamprey
Ectotherm/
Cold blooded
Chondrichthyes
Ectotherm/
2
cartilage
gills
Ectotherm/
2
bone
gills
Ectotherm/
3
bone
gills/lungs
Ectotherm/
3
bone
lungs
Endotherm
warm blooded
4
bone
lungs
# of heart
chambers
Skeleton:
cartilage or
bone?
Lungs or
gills
sharks, rays
Osteichthyes
ray finned- perch, bass
Amphibia
frog, salamander
Reptilia
snake, turtle, lizard
Aves
pigeon, penguin, parrot
Jawless Vertebrates / Agnathans
Class Myxini
Hagfishes are the most
primitive living
“vertebrates”
Class
Cephalaspidomorphi
Lampreys –
Both hagfishes & lampreys:
No jaws, no paired appendages.
brain and cranium evolved first, followed
by the vertebral column.
 jaws, ossified skeleton, and paired
appendages evolved later.
Vertebrate Jaws
Evolved from skeletal support rods of the
pharyngeal slits.
The remaining gill slits = site of respiration.
VERTEBRATE
DIVERSITY
Our current
understanding of
vertebrate phylogeny is
based on anatomical,
molecular, and fossil
evidence
Fig. 34.7
Osteichthyes
bony fishes, lobed finned fishes, lunged
fishes
probably evolved in freshwater, then
move the seas.
Skin - thin, flattened bony scales
can detect water disturbances through a
row of tiny pits along either side of the
body.
Swim bladder- buoyancy
bass, trout, perch, tuna and herring
Many lobe-fins were large, bottom dwellers
that may have used their paired, muscular
fins to “walk” along the bottom.
Fig. 34.14
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lungfishes (class Dipnoi):
 Live in stagnant ponds and swamps.
 gulp air into lungs- oxygen for metabolism.
 Gills - main organs for gas exchange in
Australian lungfishes.
 When ponds are dried, some lungfishes can
burrow into the mud and stay dormant.
Gave rise to amphibians and tetrapods.
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Tetrapods evolved from
specialized fishes that inhabited
shallow water
tetrapods - relatively sturdy, skeleton-supported
legs instead of paired fins, lived in shallow aquatic
habitats.
Class Amphibia:
Salamanders, frogs, and caecilians are the three extant
amphibian orders
salamanders
frogs
caecilians
“tailed ones”
“tail-less ones”
“legless ones”.
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Amphibian = “2 lives,” metamorphosis:
tadpole (aquatic)  frogs (terrestrial) =
adult.

Breath through gills, lungs, the lining of the
mouth, the skin, or some combination of
these.
Mammals
Common characteristics:
Produce milk (mammary glands), live birth, fur,
brains, legs under body, endotherms (warm
blooded)
Montremata
Marsupialia
Carnivora
Chiroptera
Cetacea
Rodentia
Primate
Platypus,
Echidna
Koala,
Kangaroo,
Possum
Tiger, Wolf,
Grizzly Bear
Bat
Dolphin,
Whales
Mouse, Rat,
Squirrel,
Beaver
Monkey,
Gorilla,
Human
Egg laying
Pouched
Placental
Placental
Placental
Placental
Placental
Montremes - Marsupials
Montremes
Possum
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings