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Honors Biology
Module 11: Invertebrates
February 6, 2014
Class Challenge
The best Joke
Notebook Check Today
Through Module 10
Quiz 18 - February 6, 2014
1. Evaporation of water from the leaves of a
plant is called ____________________.
2. Precipitation is another name for ______.
3. The water cycle is responsible for
transporting nutrients from one part of an
ecosystem to another or between one
ecosystem and another. True/False
4. The air we breathe is made up of about
21% oxygen. True/False
5. Oxygen is used up in several ways. Name
2
6. Oxygen is produced in several ways.
Name 2
7. Carbon makes up a living organism’s body
and will be converted to carbon dioxide by
decomposers after the organism dies.
True/False
8. The process by which certain gases (principally
water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane) trap
heat that would otherwise escape the earth and
radiate into space is called
_________________.
9. The majority of the air we breathe is made up of
78% nitrogen gas. True/False
10. Nitrogen is “fixed” in several ways. (Converted
from N2 to N) Name 3 ways.
1. Evaporation of water from the leaves of a
plant is called Transpiration .
2. Precipitation is another name for Rain .
3. The water cycle is responsible for
transporting nutrients from one part of an
ecosystem to another or between one
ecosystem and another. True
4. The air we breathe is made up of about
21% oxygen. True
5. Oxygen is used up in several ways. Name 2
Ozone formation, rusting of metals, fire,
respiration.
6. Oxygen is produced in several ways. Name 2
Photosynthesis, water vapor destruction,
ozone destruction
7. Carbon makes up a living organism’s body and
will be converted to carbon dioxide by
decomposers after the organism dies. True
8. The process by which certain gases (principally
water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane) trap
heat that would otherwise escape the earth and
radiate into space is called the Greenhouse
Effect.
9. The majority of the air we breathe is made up of
78% nitrogen gas. True
10. Usable nitrogen is “fixed” in several ways.
(Converted from N2 to N) Name 3. lightening,
bacteria, root nodules
Kingdom Animalia is divided into two groups:
1. Invertebrates: Animals that lack a backbone.
2. Vertebrates: Animals that have a backbone.
Invertebrates
Vertebrae:
Humans have a
Backbone.
Worms and insects
Do not. They are
Invertebrates.
Believe it or not there are many more
invertebrates in Kingdom Animalia than
there are vertebrates.
Name some
When we look at Animals…..
If is possible to split that organism into two
identical halves. (Figure 11.1)
There is an identical right and left side of the
body. (Bilateral Symmetry) We are
observing the outside of the body. If we
were to look at the internal organs, they
would not be symmetrical.
Examples???
Figure 11.2
Spherical Symmetry: An organism possesses
spherical symmetry if it can be cut into two
identical halves by any cut that runs through the
organism’s center.
Radial Symmetry: An organism possesses radial
symmetry if it can be cut into two identical halves
by any longitudinal cut through its center.
Bilateral Symmetry: An organism possesses
bilateral symmetry if it can only be cut into two
identical halves by a single longitudinal cut along
its center which divides it into right and left halves.
On Your Own questions
Sponges: Phylum Porifera
Sponges are amazing creatures. They have
no defined symmetry and come in a
variety of shapes:
Flat, tubular, branched, cuplike, vaselike.
Sponge Anatomy
They have two layers of cells that are
separated by a thin, jellylike substance.
Outer layer: epidermis , designed to
provide for protection.
Jellylike substance: mesenchyme that
separates the epidermis from the inner
cells in the sponge.
Mesenchyme
Is not made up of cellular material, it is necessary
to the life of the sponge.
In the mesenchyme, spicules are found. They
provide the framework that supports the sponge.
Spicules are made up of lime (calcium
carbonate) or silica, depending on the species.
In some sponges, the spicules protrude through
the epidermis giving the sponge a spiny or
velvety look.
Spongin
Some sponges do not have spicules and are
supported by a tough web of protein called
spongin.
Sponges that feel hard have spicules.
Sponges that feel soft have spongin.
How Sponges Eat
Sponges have canals and cavities in their
body lined with collar cells, also called
choanocytes.
These collar cells have flagella that beat
constantly, pulling water through the
sponge. As the water passes through, the
algae, bacteria, and organic debris
contained in the water are extracted and
eaten by the sponge.
Sponges have no Internal Organs
But they have specialized cells called
amoebocytes that take care of digestion.
These cells travel freely in the mesenchyme.
They digest the food that the sponge has
extracted from the water and transport the
digested food to the parts of the sponge
that need it.
Amoebocytes
They also take in waste products from the inner
cells and travel to the epidermis, where the
waste products are released.
Ameobocytes also exchange gases with the
surroundings, bringing needed gases (such as
oxygen) to the inner cell layers.
Ameobocytes also produce the lime or cilica that
makes up the spicules.
Sponge Reproduction
Sponges reproduce:
1. asexually by budding.
2. They can also regenerate.
3. During periods of freezing weather, they
produce a gemmule, which is a cluser to cells
encased in a hard, spicule-reinforced shell. It
is much like a cyst and can survive during a
long period of inclement weather. When it turns
warm again, the gemmule will break open and
a sponge will grow from the encased cells.
4. Lastly, sponges also have a sexual mode
of reproduction. Collar cells can produce
either eggs or sperm. These gametes are
then released into the flow of water that
the collar cells are maintaining. If a sperm
cell and egg cell meet, fertilization occurs,
and a zygote is formed.
Experiment 11.1
Observation of the Spicules of a Sponge
OBJECT: To observe a specimen from
phylum Porifera and note the complexity of
this animal’s support structure.
Phylum Cnidaria
Figure 11.4
Jellyfish, sea anemones and hydra have
two basic forms:
1. Polyp- The sessile, tubular form of a
cnidarian with a mouth and tentacles at
one end and a basal disk at the other.
2. Medusa- A free swimming cnidarian with
a bell-shaped body and tentacles
Cnidaria
Have an outer layer of cells and an inner layer of
cells separated by a jellylike layer.
1. Epithelium: Animal tissue consisting of one or
more layers of cells that have only one free
surface, because the other surface adheres to
a member or other substance.
2. Mesoglea: The jellylike substance that
separates the epithelial cells in a cnidarian
The epithelial layer contain nerve cells and
contractile cells.
All cnidaria have radial symmetry. Their bodies
have tentacles, a mouth, and a saclike gut.
The tentacles catch prey by releasing nematocysts
that are small capsules that contain a toxin
which is injected into prey or predators.
Hydra
Figure 11.5
Are tiny creatures, one end is covered in tentacles
that surround the mouth.
They surround the mouth so that prey can be
pulled into the mouth. The tentacles are covered
with nematocysts in the hydra’s outer epithelial
layer.
There is a pressure sensitive layer so that when
something brushes up against it the nematocyst
is unleashed, stinging whatever set it off.
Figure 11.5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Find the mouth
Tentacles
Nematocyst
Trigger
Contractile cell
Digestive cell
Bud
Ovary
Testis
Experiment 11.2
Observation of a Hydra
OBJECTIVE: To observe the hydra as a
typical member of phylum Cnidaria.
Cnidaria
Sea Anemone
Corals
Jellyfish
Figure 11.6
Jellyfish are usually recognized in the
medusa form. Some jellyfish (genus
Aurelia) actually go through the polyp form
before they turn into the medusa form.
Jellyfish handout on lifecycle
Homework
1. Read Module 11 pages 343 – 356;
2. Answer OYO questions 11.1 – 11.8;
3. Answer Study Guide questions a-q and
questions 2-12;
4. Finish lab book labs from today’s class;
5. Class challenge: Longest Broad Jump
6. Quiz: Three types of Body Symmetry
Lifecycle of a jellyfish