Transcript Animals Part I - CCRI Faculty Web

Chapter 17
Remember….
D
K
P
C
O
F
G
S
Kingdom Animalia
 General characteristics:
– Heterotrophic
– Locomotion
– Multicellular
– Life cycle where adult is diploid
– Undergoes sexual reproduction and produce an embryo
Animal Diversity
 Invertebrates
– Lack an endoskeleton of
bone or cartilage
– All but one animal
phylum are
invertebrates
 Vertebrates
– Have an endoskeleton of
bone or cartilage
Type of Body Plan
 Sac-Plan
– Incomplete digestive
system
– Gastrovascular cavity
 Tube-Within-a-Tube Plan
– Complete digestive system
– Inner tube is digestive
system, outer tube is body
wall
– Two openings
Digestive Tracts
 Incomplete
 One opening
 same opening used to take in food and get rid of
wastes
 GVC
 Complete
 Two openings
 food is ingested at one end
 wastes from digestion passed out of the tract at the
other end
Level of Organization
 Cellular
 Only composed of cells
 Sponges
 Tissue
 Composed of cells and tissues
 Jellyfish
 Organ
 Composed of cells, tissues, and organs
 Us!
Type of Body Cavity
 Acoelomate
– Lacks a body cavity
– Tissues packed closely together
 Pseudocoelomate
– Body cavity incompletely lined with
mesoderm
– fluid-filled cavity that contains their
organs
– Organs are free within the cavity and
will move around easily when you
manipulate them
 Coelomate
– Cavity that contains organs
– Lined with mesoderm
Type of Symmetry
 Asymmetrical
– No particular symmetry
 Radial Symmetry
– Circular organization
– can be bisected in any plane to produce mirror images
– Sessile
 Bilateral Symmetry
– Definite right and left halves
– only a cut down the midline will produce mirror images
Animal skeletons
 Can be:
 Hydrostatic
 External
 Internal
Reproduction
 Sexual reproduction
 egg of one individual is fertilized by the sperm of another
 Hermaphroditic animals
possess both male and female sex organs
Asexual reproduction
 single parent gives rise to an offspring that will be genetically
identical to the parent
Asexual reproduction of a body part!!
Fertilization /Copulation
 Internal fertilization
 External fertilization
Development of a fetus
 Internal
 External
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



Sponges
Sponges
 Phylum Porifera
 Saclike body with many pores
 Mainly aquatic animals
 Filter feeders
 Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
– Hermaphroditic
– Usually not self-fertilizing
 Spicules
– For internal support (endoskeleton)
Cnidarians
Cnidarians: True Tissues
 Phylum Cnidaria
 Tubular or bell-shaped
with radial symmetry
 All aquatic, mostly
marine
Cnidarians
 Cnidocytes
– Stinging cells unique to
cnidarians
 Two body types
– Polyps and medusan
 Gastrovascular cavity
– Sac-like body plan
 Includes corals, jellyfish,
and hydrozoans
Cnidarians
 Hydra
– Freshwater
– sac-like body plan with a single
opening
– Digestion begins in
gastrovascular cavity, completed
in cells
– Can reproduce sexually and
asexually (budding)
Flat Worms
Flatworms
 Phylum Platyhelminthes
 Planarians
– Found in lakes, ponds, and streams
– Reproduce both asexually and sexually

Regeneration (asexual)

Hermaphroditic (sexual)
– Reciprocal transfer – simultaneous transfer of the sperm to the
genital orifice of the partner
Flatworms
 Parasitic Flatworms
– Tapeworms




Endoparasites
Range in length from several millimeters to 20 meters
Tough integument to protect from host’s enzymes
Scolex
Roundworms
Roundworms: Phylum Nematoda
– Tube within a tube body plan

Mouth and anus
– Hydrostatic skeleton
– Nonsegmented
– Some roundworms are free-living, others are parasitic
Roundworms: Pseudocoelomates
 Ascaris
– Move with whip-like motion
– Females are much longer than males and highly prolific
– Eggs enter host in uncooked vegetables, soil, or feces
Coelomates
 The rest of the species that we will study are
Coelomates
– Bilateral symmetry
– Organ level of organization
– Tube-within-a-tube body plan
Molluscs
Molluscs
 Second largest animal phylum
 Unique characteristics of molluscs
– Three distinct parts



Visceral mass
Foot
Mantle
– Radula

Grasping organ for feeding
Molluscs
 Gastropods
– Nudibranchs, conchs, and snails

Foot is flattened ventrally

Aquatic gastropods have gills

Terrestrial gastropods
–
Mantle has lung-like function
Molluscs
 Cephalopods
– Squid, octopus, chambered
nautilus

Foot has evolved into tentacles


Extremely well-developed eyes
–

Built for speed!!
Complex behaviors
Ink glands
–
Secrete “ink” as defense mechanism
Molluscs
 Bivalves
– Clams, oysters, scallops

Two-part shells (valves)

Filter-feeders
–
Water enters through incurrent siphon
Annelids
Annelids: Segmented Worms
 Phylum Annelida
– Segmentation
– Hydrostatic skeleton
– Tube-within-a-tube
body plan
Annelids: Segmented Worms
 Oligochetes (Earthworms)
– Locomotion
 Contraction of longitudinal and circular muscles
 Few setae per segment
– Gas exchange is across the body wall
Annelids: Segmented Worms
 Oligochetes (Earthworms)
– Reproduction


Hermaphroditic
Worms lie parallel in opposite
directions
–
Clitellum produces mucus to keep sperm
moist
 After separation, produces a slime tube
 Moves eggs and sperm together for
fertilization
 Slime tube then produces a cocoon
Annelids: Segmented Worms
 Leeches
– Most live in freshwater
– Most are ectoparasites - have suckers for feeding
– Have same general body plan as other annelids

Lack setae

Each body ring has transverse grooves
Arthropods
Arthropods: Jointed Appendages
 Phylum Arthropoda
– Over 1 million species have been described
 30 million may exist (mostly insects)
– Appendages are for:
 Walking, swimming, reproduction, eating, sensory reception
– Exoskeleton of chitin (must molt to grow)
– Well-developed nervous system
 Brain and ventral nerve cord
 Sense organs
Arthropods: Jointed Appendages
 Crustaceans
– Barnacles, shrimps, lobsters, and
–
–
–
–
crabs (marine)
Crayfish (freshwater)
Sowbugs (terrestrial)
Known for their hard shells
Usual anatomy is a pair of
compound eyes and five pairs of
appendages


Front two pairs have sensory
functions
Other three pairs are used in feeding
Arthropods: Jointed Appendages
 Insects
– Three body regions
 Head
– Sensory antennae, eyes
– Mouthparts are adapted to each
insect’s way of life
 Thorax
– Three pairs of legs and the wings
 Abdomen
– Contains most internal organs
Comparison of Crayfish and Grasshopper
 Crayfish
– Gills
– Excrete liquid
nitrogenous wastes
(ammonia)
– No reception of sound
– Utilize uropods when
swimming
 Grasshoppers
– Spiracles and trachae
– Grasshoppers excrete
solid wastes (uric acid)
– Tympanum for reception
of sound
– Have legs for hopping
and wings for flying
Arachnids: 6
pairs of appendages
 Scorpions
– Oldest terrestrial arthropods
– Abdomen ends with a venomous stinger
 Ticks and Mites
– Parasites

Transmit diseases such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever or Lyme
disease
 Spiders
– Spiders have a narrow waist that separates cephalothorax from
abdomen
 Chelicerae have fangs that deliver poison to prey
 Silk glands for web-spinning
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kdVvoSP8QtY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0LmyyXcE6rw
Millipedes and Centipedes
 Millipedes:
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
Eat decaying plant matter
two pairs of short legs per body
segment
 Centipedes:
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
terrestrial carnivores with poison
claws
Have one pair of short legs per body
segment
Echinoderms
Echinoderms
 Characteristics of
Echinoderms
– Marine animals
– Endoskeleton made
of calcium-rich
plates
– Spines stick out of
their skin
– Adults exhibit radial
symmetry
Echinoderms
 Sea Stars
– Found along shorelines on rocky surfaces
– Five-rayed body with mouth on underside and anus on
upper side
– Structures project through skin


Spines for protection
Skin gills
– Extensions of skin for gas exchange
Chordates!!
Chordates
 Must exhibit these
characteristics:
– Notochord
– Dorsal tubular nerve cord
– Pharyngeal pouches
– Postanal tail
The Chordates………
 Invertebrate chordates
– Tunicates and lancelets
 Vertebrate chordates
– Fishes
– Amphibians
– Reptiles
– Birds
– Mammals
Nonvertebrate Chordates
 Tunicates (sea squirts)
– Squirt water when their
siphons are disturbed
 Live in ocean and are filter-feeders
 Larva is bilaterally symmetrical
and has four chordate
characteristics
 Adults are sessile, thick-walled,
sac-like organisms
– The only chordate
characteristics in the adults are
pharynx and gill slits
Vertebrates
 Characteristics
– Have four chordate
characteristics at some point
in life
– Distinguishing features



Strong, jointed endoskeleton
Vertebral column composed of
vertebrae
Efficient respiration and excretion
Fishes
 Fishes: First Jaws, Then Lungs
 Adapted to life in water
– Sperm and eggs released into water
– Fertilization external
– Zygote develops into swimming larval
form
 Fish vs Fishes???
 2 chambered heart
 Ectothermic
 What are fish?
– Jellyfish?
– Starfish?
– Crayfish?
– Shellfish?
Fishes
 Three main groups/Classes of
fishes
– Jawless fishes
– Cartilaginous fishes
– Bony fishes
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O2FInaOCqoo
Amphibians
 Jointed appendages
 Class Amphibia
– “two lives”
– Tetrapods
– Eyelids keep eyes moist
– Have ears
– Larynx for vocalization
– Small lungs present in
adults

Gas exchange also occurs across
moist skin
– Three-chambered heart
 Ectothermic
 Large mouths and consume
prey whole
Amphibians
 Have either internal or external fertilization
 Metamorphic life cycle
– Aquatic larva (gills) - water
– Terrestrial adult (lungs) - land
Class Amphibia
 Order: Gymnophiona
 Caecilians
 Order: Caudata
 Salamanders and
Newts
 Order: Anura
 Frogs and toads
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wXqK5QulbJ8
Reptiles
 Amniotic egg
 Class Reptilia
– Body is covered with scales
– Ectothermic
– Three chambered heart****
– Eyelids
Reptiles
 Amniotes
 Tetrapods that have a terrestrially adapted egg
 Amniotic egg usually buried in substrate
 Contains membranes that protect the embryo
 In reptiles, internal fertilization
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q7CQInAXoqY&feature=related
Class Reptilia – 4 Orders
 Order: Testudines
– Turtles and tortoises
 Order: Crocodilia
– Crocodilians
 Order: Rhynchocephalia
– Tuataras
http://dsc.discovery.com/videos/crocodile-feeding-frenzy-alligator-egg-hunt.html
http://www.metacafe.com/watch/198880/weird_nature/
Class Reptilia – 4 Orders
 Order: Squamata
– SO: Lacertilia
 Lizards
 4 limbs and tail
– SO: Serpentes
 Snakes
 Limbless
– SO: Amphisbaenia
 Amphisbaenians
 Short tails
 Scales in rings
 Limbless
 Subterranean
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Unzg7C1KJo0
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rwRdqkEcmbs
Birds
 Class: Aves
 Amniote egg with a hard shell
 Internal fertilization, external
incubation
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Forelimbs are modified as wings
Bones are laced with air cavities
A beak has replaced jaws
Large sternum for attachment of flight
muscles
Air sacs to increase the efficiency of
breathing
Endothermic
Four-chambered heart
Cloaca
Mammals
 Class: Mammalia
 body hair and milkproducing mammary glands
 Adapted for active life on land
 Limbs that allow rapid
movement
 Four-chambered heart
 Endothermic
 High level of care for the young
 Internal development (most)
Mammals
 Monotremes
– Have a cloaca
– Egg-laying mammals
– Spiny anteater and
duck-billed platypus

Both found in Australia
– Both males and females
have modified sweat
glands and secrete milk
onto body surface
Mammals
 Marsupials
– Begin development within
female’s body



born very immature
development is completed
within a pouch
Attach to nipples of mammary
glands within the pouch
– Virginia opposum is the
only marsupial species
north of Mexico
– Mainly found in Australia
Mammals
 Placental Mammals
– Extraembryonic membranes are modified
for internal development
How primates differ
from most mammals :
 Most are adapted for living in trees
 Limbs are mobile, hands and feet have digits
 Opposable thumbs (sometimes big toes)
 Eyes in the front of the head
 Large, complex brain
 Generally give birth to one offspring at a time
– Extended period of juvenile dependency