Transcript Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Corals and Anemones

Homework p116- 120
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•
•
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What is radial symmetry?
What are the two basic forms of Cnidarians?
What is the common name for Chironex fleckeri?
Why does the book say that anenomes have
some relatively “sophisticated behaviors” in spite
of their simple nervous system?
• What traits separate Ctenophores from
Cnidarians?
Homework
• Chapter 5 Read pages 33- 40
• Answer Study Questions 1-6
on page 5-33
Phylum
Cnidaria
Class
Scyphozoa
“True Jellies”
Class
Cubozoa
“Box Jellies”
Class
Anthozoa
“Corals and Anemones”
Phylum Cnidaria
Jellyfish, Corals and Anemones
• True tissues (2 layers)
• Tentacles with stinging cells (cnidocytes)
(nematocysts are the stingers)
surrounding a mouth
• Medusa or polyp form
• Alternation of generations common
• Jellyfish as we know them are in the
Medusa form. They swim
• Anemones are in the sessile polyp form
They are fixed in one place
Which are in the medusa form
Coral
Jellyfish
Polyp
Anemone
94%
6%
m
on
e
0%
A
ne
ly
p
Po
h
fis
lly
Je
or
al
0%
C
1.
2.
3.
4.
Fastest Responders (in seconds)
2.74
3.97
Robert DelRio
Sabrina Lopez
4.15
4.26
5.66
Sonja Gspurnsing
Paul Jednak
Jenna Fiore
Next Big Advance
• Unlike Sponges (Porifera) Cnidarians have
• True Tissues:
“muscle like” tissue
nerve net
• Radial symmetry
• 1 opening gut
PHYLUM CNIDARIA
ex: (jellyfish, anemones, corals)
- two tissue layers - an outer epidermis and inner gastroderm
- nerve net with stinging capsules called nematocysts
radial symmetry with 2 body types:
1. polyp
2. medusa
Sea Anemone
Portuguese man-of-war
a colonial Cnidarian
The Man-of-War has a gas filled float and individuals that function
like specialized organs. Some are carnivores with digestion in
food vacuoles.
The coral animal may live as a free-floating polyp or build colonies
into reefs, but not all corals build reefs.
1. stony coral hermatypic or reef
builders. The polyp
grows in 6 parts to
form a body of calcium
carbonate
ex: brain, staghorn,
golf ball
Unlike sponges Cnidaria have
True tissues
83%
Fa
ls
e
17%
Tr
ue
1. True
2. False
Anemone are in _______ form
Medusa
Polyp
Neckton
Infauna
83%
fa
u
na
0%
In
N
ec
ly
p
kt
on
6%
Po
ed
us
a
11%
M
1.
2.
3.
4.
Fastest Responders (in seconds)
3.15
3.18
Sabrina Lopez
Sonja Gspurnsing
4.86
7.64
8.2
Robert DelRio
Paul Jednak
Jenna Fiore
2. soft coral - polyps with 8
tentacles
While part of the reef, they
do not build reefs because
their bodies are a soft
keratin.
ex. sea fans, gorgonians
3. hydrocoral - false corals
resemble the anemone and
contain powerful neumatocysts
that cause skin irritation
ex: fire coral
Polyp Form
Medusa Form
Alternation of generation
Cnidarians & Their Sting
Cnidarians have harpoon-like
structures that sting, and are unique
to them.
Use for:
• Primarily capturing prey
• Defense
• Movement
• attachment
Stinging cells  Cnidocytes
Stinging Structure  Nematocyst
Defense & Feeding Mechanism
Tentacles have batteries of Cnidocytes
-Contain Cnidae – organelles that can
evert
Nematocysts – stinging capsules are cnidae
Before
After
How Nematocysts Fire
1.
2.
3.
•
Contact w/ cnidocil (cell’s trigger)
Pressure change at seal of operculum
Nematocyst fires from cell @ 2 m/sec
Another possibility: odor of animal sets
off trigger (aka. Chemical response)
How Nematocysts Fire
Nematocysts
• Corals:
– Lack cnidocil
– Cilia act as mechotrigger
– Nematocyst chamber covered by three flaps,
not one operculum
• Each nematocyst can be fired only once
• Replacements take 48 hours to be formed
and replaced
Cnidocytes
• Concentrated around epidermis
– Around mouth & tentacles
• Can be clustered into “Nematocyst
Batteries”
• Microscopic  1/1000 mm long for some!
• Often 100s are fired at once
3 Basic Types of Cnidae
True Nematocysts: hollow nematocyst filament
contains toxin
-base of filament has spines & stylets
-neurotoxin
Sea Wasps, Box Jellies, Hydrozoans
Spirocysts: Lacking toxin & spines
-filament has sticky protein to adhere to
target
Certain anthozoans like sea anemones
Ptychocysts: pleated filament while stored
-adhesive
Tube-dwelling anemones
They Won Immunity!
• Clownfish:
– Immune to
anemone’s
nematocysts
– Unknown process
• May be a mucus
layer on fish that
protects it from
chemical trigger of
cnidocyte
They Won Immunity!
• Glaucus (pelagic nudibranch, or sea slug)
– Feeds on Man-of-War
•Incorporates
nematocysts
into its own
tissue for own
defense
•“Kleptocnidae”
Cnidarian major body advance is
1. Multicellularity
2. True organ
systems
3. True Tissues
4. Organs
0%
rg
a
O
su
e
s
ns
0%
Ti
s
Tr
ue
st
em
s
0%
sy
or
ga
n
Tr
ue
M
ul
tic
el
lu
la
r it
y
0%
Cnidarians have ____ tissue layers
no
2
3
4
0%
4
0%
3
0%
2
0%
no
1.
2.
3.
4.
Cnidarians have _____ symmetry
1. Radial
2. Bilateral
3. No
B
ila
o
ia
l
ad
R
0%
N
0%
te
ra
l
0%
A cnidocyte is
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
The stinging cell
The stinger
The digestive track
None of the above
The Stinging Structure is known as
the
Cnidocyte
Nematocyst
Bell
Polyp
ly
p
0%
Po
el
l
0%
B
ys
t
0%
em
at
oc
N
ni
do
cy
te
0%
C
1.
2.
3.
4.
Fastest Responders (in seconds)
Class-Scyphozoa
• “True Jellies”
• Medusa dominant
True Sea Jellies
Locomotion in True Sea Jellies
Class -Scyphozoa = “true jellies”
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CNIDARIA
Class Scyphozoa
• Sea thimble jellyfish
(Linuche
unguiculata),
Honduras
• Tiny jellyfish (< 1
inch) that swarm in
the spring
• Adults and larvae
(“sea lice”) may cause
a severe skin reaction
in humans
Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson
Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
CNIDARIA
Class Scyphozoa
• Upside down jellyfish
(Cassiopea
xamachana) from
Bermuda, with
zooxanthellae
• This specimen is
swimming up to the
surface, where its
reflection is visible
Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson
Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
CNIDARIA
Class Scyphozoa
• Jellyfish (Mastigias
sp., family
Rhizostomeae) from
Jellyfish Lake in
Palau, western Pacific
• These jellyfish have
lost their ability to
sting and depend on
zooxanthellae for
nutrition
Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson
Class-Hydrozoa
Hydrozoa
• Hydroids, fire corals, siphonophores
• Many forms
• Alt. of generations with much variation
• Siphonophores are colonies of polyps
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CNIDARIA
Class Hydrozoa
• Feather hydroid
(Halocordyle disticha,
formerly called
Pennaria tiarella),
from Bermuda
• Tiny, white tufts along
lateral branches of
the colony are
individual polyps
Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson
Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
•
CNIDARIA
Class
Hydrozoa
Fire coral (Millepora
complanata), golden
brown with white
growing tips
• This is a hydrocoral,
not a “true” stony
coral
Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson
Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
CNIDARIA
Class Hydrozoa
• Fire coral (Millepora
complanata),
common in the
Caribbean
• Polyps on surface
and along edges
(“fuzz”) are loaded
with toxic stinging
nematocysts
Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson
Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
CNIDARIA
Class Hydrozoa
• Portuguese Man-oWar (Physalia
physalia)
• This is a colony with
several types of
polyps: gastrozooids,
gonozooids, and
dactylozooids
• Highly toxic
Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson
Hydrozoan (hydroid)
Hydrozoans: Velella and Phylasia
Portuguese Man-O- War
Class-Cubozoa
• “True Jellies”
• Medusa dominant
Class Scyphozoa
True sea jellies, or jellyfish
• Life cycle has both medusa & polyps, but
medusa dominant
• Tetramerous radial symmetry
• Gut cells divided into complex radial
canals
• Some have single “mouth” but others w/
1000s of microscopic “mouths” at ends of
oral arms
• Specialized sensory cells w/ statocysts
Class Cubozoa
Box Jellies
• Life cycles w/ medusa & polyps, but
medusa dominant
• Polyp stage develops directly into medusa
• Tetramerous radial symmetry
• Statocysts
• Very poisonous
Box Jellies
• Very gelatinous, can be difficult to see
• Although categorized as plankton, have demonstrated
the ability to “swim”, as they rarely wash up on beach
like other jellies
• Questionable “visual” capabilities??able to avoid pilings
& humans attempting to capture them
Cubozoans
•
•
•
•
Box jellies
“sea wasps”
Very Dangerous
Considered one of the
most venomous
Marine animals
• Indigenous to the
waters of northern
Australia
I’ll give
you a
nasty sting
Sea wasp
Box jellyfish have caused at least 5,567 recorded deaths since 1884
Class-Anthozoa
• Corals
• Anemones
Anthozoans
• Corals, anemones
• Polyp stage is dominant
Budding
anemone
cerioid
phaceloid
solitary
subcerioid
meandroid
plocoid
Hermatypic Corals
Cirrhipathes spp.
(wire coral)
Antipathes spp. (black coral)
Zooxanthellae in polyps
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CNIDARIA
Class Anthozoa
• Gorgonian sea fan
(Plexuaridae) on a
reef wall in Fiji
• Individual polyps in
the colony filter
plankton from the
water column
Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson
Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
CNIDARIA
Class Anthozoa
• Polyp of a tree fern or
palm coral (Clavularia
sp.) with pinnate
tentacles, in the
Solomon Islands
• Large sheets of these
polyps are attached
by a common stolon
to the substrate
Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson
Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
CNIDARIA
Class Anthozoa
• Divaricate tree coral
(Dendronephthya
sp.), from Fiji
• These bushy or
tree-like soft corals
(alcyonaceans) are
found only in the
Pacific
Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson
Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
CNIDARIA
Class Anthozoa
• Close-up of an
alcyonacean tree
coral
(Dendronephthya sp.)
• Spicules, the small
white rod-shaped
structures, are
embedded in the
tissue and aid in
supporting the colony
Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson
Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
CNIDARIA
Class Anthozoa
• Note the pinnate
tentacles of this
octocoral, a
gorgonian sea rod
from Belize
• Sea rod colonies can
be identified more
easily when their
polyps are retracted
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Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
CNIDARIA
Class Anthozoa
• Corky sea finger
(Briareum
asbestinum), common
in the Caribbean
• Sea rod in front has
polyps extended,
while rod in back has
polyps retracted,
revealing purple color
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Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
CNIDARIA
Class Anthozoa
• Sea anemone
(Heteractis sp.) from
Fiji
• Note column of
anemone and
tentacles along
margin
• This anemone may
be host to symbiotic
anemonefish
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Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
CNIDARIA
Class Anthozoa
• The giant anemone or
purple-tipped
anemone
(Condylactis
gigantea) often
harbors cleaning
shrimp among its
tentacles
• Common in Bermuda
and the Caribbean
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Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
CNIDARIA
Class Anthozoa
• Aerial view of coral
reefs in Fiji
• Dark blue on right is
deep water
• White is the edge of
the reef
• Lighter color is the
reef flat
Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson
Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
CNIDARIA
Class Anthozoa
• Elkhorn coral
(Acropora palmata),
from the Caribbean
• Wide branches are
extended upward,
catching the sunlight
for the zooxanthellae
in the coral tissues
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Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
•
CNIDARIA
Class Anthozoa
Brain coral (Diploria
strigosa) in Bermuda,
with black band
disease
• The black line marks
the cyanophyte alga
(Phormidium
corallyticum) that kills
the coral colony
Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson
Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
CNIDARIA
Class Anthozoa
• Brain coral (Diploria
strigosa), common in
Bermuda and the
Caribbean
• Healthy coral is
golden-brown due to
the presence of
symbiotic
zooxanthellae
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Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
CNIDARIA
Class Anthozoa
• Coral aggression
between two stony
corals in Bermuda
• Montastrea annularis
(top) and Diploria
strigosa (bottom)
compete for space,
leaving a dead zone
(white) between them
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Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
CNIDARIA
Class Anthozoa
• Extended slender
polyps of the stony
coral Goniopora sp.,
found in Fiji and the
western Pacific
• Polyps are extended
during the day
Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson
Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
CNIDARIA
Class Anthozoa
• Orange cup coral
(Tubastraea
coccinea) from
Bonaire in the
Caribbean
• These ahermatypic
corals extend their
polyps at night to feed
on plankton
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Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
CNIDARIA
Class Anthozoa
• Coral bleaching in
star coral (Montastrea
annularis) in the
Caribbean
• Golden brown color
indicates healthy
tissue
• White area has lost
zooxanthellae
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Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
CNIDARIA
Class Anthozoa
• Coral bleaching in
star coral (Montastrea
annularis) in the
Caribbean
• Loss of zooxanthellae
due to higher water
temperatures results
in lighter color
Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson
Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
CNIDARIA
Class Anthozoa
• Elliptical star coral
(Dichocoenia
stokesii), common in
the Caribbean
• Dome-shaped
colonies with elliptical
corallites
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Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
CNIDARIA
Class Anthozoa
• Close-up of the raised
corallites of
Caribbean elliptical
star coral
(Dichocoenia stokesii)
in the daytime
• Polyps are extended
at night to feed on
plankton
Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson
Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
CNIDARIA
Class Anthozoa
• Close-up of giant star
coral (Montastrea
cavernosa) during the
day with polyps
retracted
• Common in the
Caribbean
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Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
CNIDARIA
Class Anthozoa
• Close-up of giant star
coral (Montastrea
cavernosa) with
polyps extended at
night to feed on
plankton
• Common in the
Caribbean
Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson
Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
CNIDARIA
Class Anthozoa
• Banded tube-dwelling
anemone
(Arachnanthus
nocturnus) from
Bonaire
• Cerianthid, or
burrowing anemone
• Nocturnal, Caribbean
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Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
CNIDARIA
Class Anthozoa
• Sea pen (Pteroeides
sp.) from the Solomon
Islands
• This is a colony that
lives anchored in the
sand, turning at right
angles to the
prevailing current
Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson
Phylum Ctenophora – Comb Jellies
• Gelatinous, radial symmetry
• 8 rows of cilia “combs”
• 2 sticky colloblasts
Colloblasts
(sticky cells)
on tentacles
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CTENOPHORA
Class Tentaculata
• Comb jelly from
Roatan, Honduras
• Does not sting since it
has no nematocysts
as in cnidarians
• Bioluminescent
Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson