Transcript Invertebrates

Sexual versus Asexual Reproduction
Type of Reproduction
Sexual
(Sperm meet Egg)
2 parents
Methods
Disadvantages
Internal fertilization
Diversity in offspring
External fertilization
Offspring less likely to
have mutations show
up
Population increases are
limited
Can increase
populations rapidly
Lack of diversity in
offspring
Does not require a mate
for reproduction to take
place
Because they reproduce
offspring genetically
identical to parents, the
offspring inherit any
mutations of the parent.
Conjugation
Budding
Asexual
1 parent
Advantages
Requires a mate to
reproduce
Spores
Fission
• Definitions:
- Diversity in offspring
> def. – Diversity - the relative uniqueness of each
individual in the population
- offspring less likely to have mutations
show up
> def. – Mutation – changes in DNA
~ Body Plans ~
• Animals that are irregular
in shape or have no shape
are asymmetrical.
• Animals that are regular
in shape are symmetrical.
~ Body Plans ~
• An animal has radial symmetry if it can
be divided along any plane, through a
central axis, into equal halves. (like a
pizza)
• An animal has bilateral symmetry if it
can be divided down its length into
similar right and left halves forming
mirror images of each other. (like
humans)
Which figure has bilateral symmetry?
Which has radial symmetry?
~Invertebrates~
• 8 main phyla
• No backbones
• 95% of all animals are in this group
Invertebrates
Type of Invertebrate
Porifera
Major Characteristics
Platyhelminthes
Type of
Reproduction
-Simplest
animals
-can regenerate
body parts
-has no symmetry
Cnidaria
Examples
-2 basic body shapes;
medusa (Ex.
Jellyfish) & polyp
(ex: Hydra)
-Have tentacles
-have stinging cells
called nematocyst
-Can regenerate
-most are parasites
-have flat ribbon like
bodies
-Bilateral symmetry
Sponges
Asexual
Jellyfish
Asexual
Hydra
Planaria **
Flukes
Flatworms
Sexual or
Asexual
Major Characteristics
Examples
Type of Invertebrate
Nematoda
Mollusca
Annelida
-round, tubular bodies Roundworms
-Most are parasites
Pinworms
-have both a mouth and
Hook
anus
-Bilateral symmetry
Worms
-Broad Muscular foot
-Layer of tissue called
mantle
-Have hard shells and
soft bodies
-Live on land and in
the water
Group includes:
gastropods
bivalves &
cephalopods
Snails
Slugs
Clams
Oysters
Squids
Octopuses
-Segmented worms
-Body divided into
segments(sections)
-Live in water or underground
Segmented worms
Earthworm
Bristle Worms
Leeches
Type of
Reproduction
Sexual
Sexual
Sexual(majority)
Asexual
Invertebrates (cont’d)
Type of Invertebrate
Echinodermata
Major
Characteristics
Endoskeleton
covered with
spines
Examples
Starfish
Sea Urchins
Sand Dollar
Type of
Reproduction
Asexual
Invertebrates (cont’d)
Type of
Invertebrate
Major
Characteristics
-Jointed Legs
-Segmented
Anthropods body parts
-Exoskeleton
-Head and
welldeveloped
brain
Examples
Centipedes
Millipedes
Type of
Reproduction
Sexual
Crustaceans
Sexual
Arachnids
Sexual
Insects
Sexual
Porifera
- Simplest animals
- can regenerate body parts
Reproduction: ASEXUAL
(Video)
~Invertebrate
Phylum Porifera~
• Examples: Tube
Sponge, Glass Sponge,
Sea Sponge
Cnidarians
– 2 basic body shapes
– Examples: Jellyfish/Hydra
medusa (Ex. Jellyfish) & polyp (ex:
Hydra)
- Reproduction: Asexual
Sexual versus Asexual Reproduction
Type of Reproduction
Sexual
(Sperm meet Egg)
2 parents
Methods
Disadvantages
Internal fertilization
Diversity in offspring
External fertilization
Offspring less likely to
have mutations show
up
Population increases are
limited
Can increase
populations rapidly
Lack of diversity in
offspring
Does not require a mate
for reproduction to take
place
Because they reproduce
offspring genetically
identical to parents, the
offspring inherit any
mutations of the parent.
Conjugation
Budding
Asexual
1 parent
Advantages
Requires a mate to
reproduce
Spores
Fission
~Invertebrate
Phylum Cnidaria~
 2 different shapes
 Medusa - like a
jellyfish
 Polyp - like a
hydra
~Invertebrate
Phylum Cnidaria~
• Examples - Jellyfish,
Hydra, sea
anemones, and corals
Platyhelminthes
• Can regenerate
• some are parasites
Examples: Planaria*, Flukes, Flatworms
Reproduction: Sexual or Asexual
~Invertebrate
Phylum Platyhelminthes ~
 Examples: Planaria
 eyespots detect light
 food and waste go in
and out the same
opening
~Invertebrate
Phylum Platyhelminthes ~
 Examples:
Tapeworm
 Parasite that lives
in intestines of
host absorbing
food
~Invertebrate
Phylum Platyhelminthes ~
 Examples: Fluke
 parasite
 lives inside
of host
~Invertebrate
Phylum Cnidaria~
 2 different shapes
 Medusa - like a
jellyfish
 Polyp - like a
hydra
~Invertebrate
Phylum Cnidaria~
• Examples - Jellyfish,
Hydra, sea
anemones, and corals
Nematodes
• Most are parasites
• Examples: Pinworms,
Hookworms
• Reproduction: Sexual
~Invertebrate
Phylum Nematoda ~
• Examples:
– Hookworm
– Trichinella
Nematodes
Mollusks
Broad Muscular foot
- Layer of tissue called mantle
- Have shells
- Group includes:
gastropods
bivalves & cephalopods
- Gills
- Examples: Complex
ganglia,Snails, Slugs,
Clams, Oysters, Squids, Octopuses
- Reproduction: SEXUAL
-
~Invertebrate
Phylum Mollusca ~
Class Gastropoda
– snails and slugs
– may have 1 shell
– stomach-footed move on stomach
~Invertebrate
Phylum Nematoda ~
• Examples:
– Hookworm
– Trichinella
Annelids
• Closed Circulatory
System
• Skin
• Examples: Earthworm,
Bristle Worm, Leeches
• Reproduction: SEXUAL
or ASEXUAL
~Invertebrate
Phylum Annelida ~
• Class Earthworms
• eat soil and breakdown
organic matter, wastes
provide nutrients to soil
~Invertebrate
Phylum Annelida ~
»Class bristleworms
~Invertebrate
Phylum Annelida ~
• Class leeches
• parasites that feed on blood of other animals
~Invertebrate
Phylum Mollusca ~
Class Bivalves
– 2 shells hinged
together
– clams, oysters,
scallops and mussels
Echinoderms
•
Endoskeleton
• covered with spines
• use Tube Feet to obtain oxygen
• Examples: starfish, sea urchin,
sand dollar
• Reproduction: Asexual
~Invertebrate
Phylum Echinodermata ~
• Examples: seastar, sea urchin, sand dollar and
sea cucumber
Arthropods
-- Jointed Legs
-- Segmented Body parts
-- Exoskeleton
-- Head and well-developed brain
- Reproduction: SEXUAL
~Invertebrate
Phylum Arthropoda
• Class Pycnogonida
– Sea spider
~Chordata (Vertebrates)~
• 1 main phylum
• Have backbones, and once had a notochord
• 5% of all animals are in this phylum
5 classes
• Fish
• Mammals
• Reptiles
• Amphibians
• Birds
Levels of Organization
ATOMS
• Smallest part of matter
• NON-living
Molecules
• 2 or more bonded atoms
• Form compounds
• NON-living
Macromolecule
• Very large molecules
• Proteins, fats, carbohydrates, nucleic
acids
• NON-living
Organelles
• “Tiny organs”
• Made of macromolecules
Cell
• Made of organelles
• Basic unit of structure & function
• LIVING
Tissue
• The same kind cell working together
• Living
Organs
• Tissues that work together
• Living
Systems
• Organs that work together
• Living
Organism
• Entire living things
(organisms)
• Usually made of
systems
• May be a single cell
• Living
Population
• Same type of
organism living
together
Community
• Several populations living together
• Population interact
Ecosystem
• A biotic (living) community plus the
abiotic (nonliving) features
Biome
• Similar ecosystems on earth together
Biosphere
• Whole living layer around the globe
• Includes abiotic features
http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch8en/conc8en/envisys.html
Atom
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
System
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biome
Biosphere
Review
•What are Invertebrates?
•Animals without a backbone
•What is difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?
•Sexual reproduction requires a mate, Asexual
reproduction doesn’t
•What is an advantage of sexual reproduction?
•Diversity/Offspring less likely to have mutations
•What is a disadvantage of sexual reproduction?
•Population increases are limited/requires mate
Review Cont’d
•What is an advantage of asexual reproduction?
•Increases population rapidly/no mate needed
•What is a disadvantage of asexual reproduction?
•Reproduce offspring identical to parents
•No diversity
•Which category does a flat worm belong in
(Asexual or Sexual)?
• both
The End.