Transcript Major Divisions of Life

Phylum Annelida
the segmented worms
Activities and Assignments
• Labs
– Earthworm behavior (binder)
– Earthworm Dissection (binder)
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•
•
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Video Med. Uses of Leeches (binder)
Quiz- short topic
Text Reading 671-674
Worksheet
Vocabulary: monecious, dioecious,
mutualism, tagmosis, detritus, triploblastic,
coelom, septa, cerebral ganglia, parapodia,
setae, parts of the worm anatomy from the lab
How do the Annelids fit in?
Rotifera
Nematoda
Platyhelminthes
Cnidaria
Porifera
unknown
common ancestor
Nemertea
Annelida
Annelida Characteristics
Triploblastic (3 tissue layers)
Organ level of organization
Bilateral Symmetry
Cephalization
Coelomate (with a body cavity)
Remember these ideas from the last
chapter
Coelomate
Have a “true” body cavity that is completely
surrounded by mesoderm
ectoderm
coelom
mesoderm
Gut
endoderm
Annelid Characteristics
the coelom
• is a closed, fluid filled cavity that
ectoderm
surrounds the gut
• the fluid within acts as a circulatory
system and hydroskeleton
• mesodermal membranes
(mesenteries) suspend organs in the
coelom
Annelida Characteristics
Metamerism
The body is made up of serially repeating,
coordinated segments called metameres
that are separated from one another by
septa.
•Each metamere contains sets of repeating
organs
e.g. gut, blood vessels, nerve cord,
excretory organs
Metamerism
septa
Think of a row of tires
Annelida Characteristics
Nervous system
• 2 cerebral ganglia
• a ventral nerve cord with 2 ganglia per metamere.
• In some species, sensory organs such as eyes,
palps, and tentacles have arisen
brain
2 cerebral ganglia
nerve cord
Annelida Characteristics
Arthropod
exoskeleton
Locomotion
component
• both longitudinal and circular muscles
• most have setae (chitonous bristles secreted by
the epidermis) that aid in locomotion and
burrowing
Skeletal System
• fluid in coelom acts as a hydrostatic skeleton
Class Oligochaeta
Locomotion
Circular
muscle
contraction
Longitudinal
muscle
contraction
Annelind Cross section
Annelind Cross section
Circular
muscle
Longitudinal
muscle
skin
Annelind Cross section
coelom
Gut (intestine)
Intestine wall
skin
Circular
muscle
Longitudinal
muscle
Annelid Characteristics
Gas exchange
• mainly by diffusion
• Class Polychaeta often has specialized
structures for gas exchange
(e.g. parapodia, gills)
Annelid Characteristics
Digestive System
• complete
• regional specialization
You’ll get to observe
these more closely
during the dissection
Circulatory System
• closed circulatory system composed of blood
vessels (some of which are contractile and act
as “hearts”)
• some circulation is also accomplished by the
coelomic fluid
coelomic chambers
pharynx
mouth
esophagus
This diagram is found in the
dissection lab
crop
(storage)
gizzard
(mashing)
More properly called
“aortic arches”
hearts
One each on the dorsal
and ventral sides
blood vessels
Annelid Characteristics
Excretion
• excretion is accomplished by organs called
nephridia (singular nephridium) in the skin
Reproduction
• sexual
•Hermaphrodites (individuals with both sets of
reproductive organs)
Phylum Annelida
Class Oligochaeta
Class Hirudinea
Class Polychaeta
Class Oligochaeta
Class Oligochaeta
• terrestrial, freshwater and marine
• have few setae (Oligo = few, chaeta = setae)
• usually feed on detritus
(decaying organic matter)
• have specialized digestive system to obtain
the maximum amount of nutrients out of the
detritus (e.g. pharynx, gizzard, crop…)
Class Oligochaeta
Locomotion
Circular
muscle
contraction
Longitudinal
muscle
contraction
Class Oligochaeta
Reproduction
• usually monoecious
• cross-fertilize by
exchanging sperm
clitellum
testis
Ecology
• Earthworms are essential soil aerators
• If all the material ever moved through earthworms
was piled up, the heap would rise 30miles , more
than 5 times the height of Mount Everest!!
• Worm Grunting:
A saw or leaf spring
of a pick-up
stob
Class Hirudinea
Class Hirudinea
• usually freshwater but there are some
marine and terrestrial species
• no septa between metameres
• no setae
• have 2 suckers
Class Hirudinea
• have an extendable proboscis for
feeding
Class Hirudinea
• usually have a fixed number of
segments (34)
• each metamere consists of several
annuli (think accordion)
1 metamere
annuli
Class Hirudinea
Locomotion
Lack septa between
metameres, so they are
incapable of moving like
Oligochaetes.
Instead, they use their
anterior and posterior
suckers to move.
Class Hirudinea
Reproduction
• usually monoecious
• cross-fertilize by
exchanging sperm
Ecology
• Although some leeches are parasitic blood
suckers (can be temporary or permanent), many
are predators.
Ecology
video
• Leeches have been used
medicinally since the 19th
century.
• Currently they are used to
increase blood flow following
reconstructive surgery
• Hirudin is a powerful
anticoagulant that is found in
the salivary glands of leeches
•Leech saliva contains antiseptic
chemicals
•And an anesthetic
DON’T WRITE THIS
DOWN, YOU HAVE AN
ARTICLE AND VIDEO
WITH THE INFO
Class Polychaeta
Class Polychaeta
• all marine
• this class contains 2/3 of all known Annelids
• have a well developed head with specialized
sense organs
Class Polychaeta
• have many setae (chitonous bristles secreted
by the epidermis)
(Poly = many, chaeta= setae)
• these setae are arranged in bundles on
paddle-like appendages called parapodia
setae
Class Polychaeta
Parapodium
setae
The parapodia function in gas
exchange, locomotion, and feeding.
Class Polychaeta
Tagmatization (tagmosis)
• the
fusion and specialization of
formerly metameric segments
Class Polychaeta
Many are filter-feeders
with specialized structures
Class Polychaeta
Many are predatory with
specialized structures
Class Polychaeta
Many construct their own
homes out of CaCO3 or
sand debris and mucous
Ecology
• Polychaetes often have effective
defense strategies:
• some have tubes to hide in
• some have vicious jaws
• some have modified “stinging” setae
a fireworm
Segmented Worm Quiz on
• Topics
– Phylum Annelida and 3 classes
– General Characteristics and Examples of each
– Vocabulary: monecious, dioecious, mutualism, tagmosis,
detritus, triploblastic, coelom, septa, cerebral ganglia,
parapodia, setae, parts of the worm anatomy from the lab
• Labs
– Earthworm behavior (binder)
– Earthworm Dissection (binder)
•
•
•
•
Video Med. Uses of Leeches (binder)
Quiz- short topic
Text Reading 671-674
Worksheet