Transcript Kingdom Animalia Part 2

For dissection purposes, the anatomical directions of the
body must be known:
• Anterior: toward the head or top
– Also called cranial
• Posterior: opposite the head,
toward the tail/anus
– Also called Caudal
• Ventral: at the front of, in front
• Dorsal: behind, in the back of
• Lateral: away from the center
of the body
Details of Phyla
• Fill in the defining characteristics into your
chart
– Specialization- are cells specialized for
different jobs?
– Symmetry- is it radial or bilateral? Is there
symmetry at all?
– Body Cavity- do they have a true coelom?
Pseudocoelom? No body cavity at all?
– Protostome/Deuterostome- does the
blastopore become the mouth or the anus?
Details of Phyla
• Fill in the defining characteristics into your
chart
– Digestion- Do they digest inside the cells or
outside the cells? How many openings does
the digestive tract have?
– Segmentation- are there divisions along the
body specialized for different purposes?
– Skeleton- internal, external, or hydrostatic?
– Examples- what do animals in this phylum
look like?
Skeleton- do you mean like bones?
• Skeleton refers to a support
system- remember that animals do
not have cell walls- so what holds
animals into shape and prevents
them from being a giant blob of
cells?
• Hydrostatic skeleton- fluid pressing against muscles, no
hard parts
• External skeleton- tough outer covering of chitin
• Internal skeleton- this is what YOU have- internal HARD
substances like BONES
Phylum Porifera
• Cell Specialization:
Yes (few)
• Symmetry: None
(asymmetrical)
• Body Cavity:
No Digestive Tract
• Protostome or
Deuterostome: N/A
Phylum Porifera
• Digestion: Filter feeder
Intracellular
• Segmentation: No
• Skeleton: Silica
• Example: Sponges
Phylum Porifera
• Respiration, Circulation,
and Excretion:
– occur via diffusion of gases
and wastes between water
and cells
• Reproduction:
– asexual (budding) or sexual
(internal fertilization)
• Response
– Produce toxins to ward off
predators (sea slugs)
Phylum Cnidaria
• Cell Specialization: Yes
• Symmetry: Radial
• Body Cavity: Gastrovascular cavity
(one opening) for feeding
and gas exchange
• Protostome or
Deuterostome: N/A
Phylum Cnidaria
• Digestion: Extracellular in the
Gastrovascular cavity
• Segmentation: No
• Skeleton: Hydrostatic
(two muscle layers
and fluid)
• Examples: Jellyfish, coral,
Portuguese man of war
Phylum Cnidaria
• Respiration, Circulation, and Excretion:
– occur via diffusion of gases and wastes between water
and cells, or cell to cell
• Reproduction:
– Asexual (budding) or sexual (external fertilization)
• Response:
– Nerve net
– Stinging cells called cnidocytes on tentacles
Ctenophora
• Cell Specialization: Yes
• Symmetry: Radial
• Body Cavity: Gastrovascular cavity with 2 openings:
mouth and anal pore
• Protostome or
Deuterostome: N/A
Ctenophora
• Digestion: Extracellular in the
Gastrovascular cavity
• Segmentation: No
• Skeleton: Hydrostatic
(two muscle layers
and fluid)
• Examples: Jellyfish, coral,
Portuguese man of war
Ctenophora
• Respiration, Circulation, and Excretion:
– occur via diffusion of gases and wastes between
water and cells
• Reproduction:
– hermaphroditic
• Response:
– Nerve net
– No stinging cells, but have sticky cells called
colloblasts used to capture prey
– bioluminescent
Phylum Platyhelminthes
• Cell Specialization:
Yes
• Symmetry: Bilateral
• Body Cavity: Acoelomate
(have a digestive tract
but no body cavity)
• Protostome or
Deuterostome:
Protostome
Phylum Platyhelminthes
• Digestion: Extracellular in the
gastrovascular cavity
one opening- mouth/anus
• Segmentation: No
• Skeleton: Hydrostatic
• Examples: Tapeworms,
Flukes
Phylum Platyhelminthes
• Respiration, circulation and excretion:
– Diffusion exchanges gas and excretes waste through body
walls
• Response:
– Ganglia in head region (groups of nerve cells)
– Eyespots (detect light)
• Reproduction:
– Sexual
• Hermaphrodites (produce both egg and sperm cells)
• Two worms can exchange sperm
– Asexual
• fission
Rotifera
• Cell Specialization: Yes
• Symmetry: Bilateral
• Body Cavity:
Pseudocoelomate
(lined partially with mesoderm)
• Protostome or Deuterostome:
Protostome
Cilia covered
corona
Rotifera
• Digestion: Extracellular
• Segmentation: No
• Skeleton: Hydrostatic
• Example: rotifers (seen
in your pond water lab)
Rotifera
• Parthenogenetic reproduction (eggs are diploid)
and only in certain conditions are males formed.
• Males are formed
from unfertilized
haploid eggs
– Fertilize other
haploid eggs and create
a dormant fertilized egg
that under the right
conditions will become a parthenogenetic female.
Phylum Nematoda
• Cell Specialization: Yes
• Symmetry: Bilateral
• Body Cavity:
Pseudocoelomate
(lined partially with mesoderm)
• Protostome or Deuterostome:
Protostome
Phylum Nematoda
• Digestion: Extracellular
• Segmentation: No
• Skeleton: Hydrostatic
• Example: Hookworms,
Filarial worms,
pinworms,
heartworms
Phylum Nematoda
• Respiration, circulation and excretion:
– Diffusion transports nutrients and gases
– Flame cells remove excess water from the body
• Response:
– Several ganglia in head region (groups of nerve cells)
– Several nerve extend the length of the body
• Reproduction:
– Sexual: separate sexes, internal fertilization
Phylum Annelida
• Cell Specialization: Yes
• Symmetry: Bilateral
• Body Cavity: Coelomate
(lined with mesoderm)
• Protostome or
Deuterostome:
Protostome
Phylum Annelida
• Digestion:
Extracellular
• Segmentation: Yes
• Skeleton: Hydrostatic
• Example: Leeches,
earthworms, meal
worms
Phylum Annelida
• Respiration, circulation and excretion:
– Breathe using gills (aquatic) or use diffusion (terrestrial)
– Closed circulatory system
– Nephridia are specialized excretory organs that filter fluid
• Response:
– Brain and several nerve cords
– Sensory tentacles, chemical receptors
• Reproduction:
– Sexual: separate sexes, external fertilization
– Some annelids are hermaphrodites
Mollusca
• Cell Specialization: Yes
• Symmetry: Bilateral
• Body Cavity:
Coelomate
• Protostome or
Deuterostome:
Protostome
Mollusca
• Digestion: Extracellular
• Segmentation: Yes
• Skeleton: Hydrostatic
• Examples: Snails,
clams, squids, octopi
Phylum Mollusca
• Respiration, circulation and excretion:
– Breathe using gills (aquatic) or use diffusion (terrestrial)
– Open circulatory system
– Nephridia are specialized excretory organs that filter fluid
• Response:
– Simple nervous system (small ganglia, few nerve cords,
simple sense organs) (ex: clams)
– Well-developed brains (ex: octopi)
• Reproduction:
– Sexual:
• external or internal fertilization
• Hermaphrodites or separate sexes
Phylum Arthropoda
• Cell Specialization: Yes
• Symmetry: Bilateral
• Body Cavity: Coelomate
• Protostome or
Deuterostome:
Protostome
Phylum Arthropoda
• Digestion: Extracellular
• Segmentation: Yes
• Skeleton: Exoskeleton
• Examples: Crustaceans,
Arachnids, Insects
Phylum Arthropoda
• Respiration, circulation and excretion:
– Trachael tubes or book lungs
– Open circulatory system
– Malphigian tubules extract waste from the blood and add it
to digestive waste
• Response:
– Several ganglia in head region (groups of nerve cells)
– Several nerve extend the length of the body
• Reproduction:
– Sexual: separate sexes, internal fertilization
Phylum Echinodermata
• Cell Specialization: Yes
• Symmetry: Radial
• Body Cavity: Coelomate
• Protostome or
Deuterostome:
Deuterostome
Phylum Echinodermata
• Digestion: Extracellular
• Segmentation: Yes
• Skeleton: Endoskeleton
• Examples: Sea stars,
Brittle stars, sand dollars
Phylum Echinodermata
• Respiration, circulation and excretion:
– Diffusion through tube feet
– Circulation through water vascular system
• Response:
– Nerve ring that surrounds the mouth has radial nerves
that connect to body sections
• Reproduction:
– Sexual: separate sexes, external fertilization
Phylum Chordata
• Cell Specialization: Yes
• Symmetry: Bilateral
• Body Cavity: Coelomate
• Protostome or Deuterostome: Deuterostome
• Digestion: Extracellular
• Segmentation: Yes
• Skeleton: Endoskeleton
• Example: Lancelet, sea squirts
Nonvertebrate chordates
• Cell Specialization: Yes
• Symmetry: Bilateral
• Body Cavity: Coelomate
• Protostome or Deuterostome:
Deuterostome
Nonvertebrate Chordata
• Digestion:
Extracellular
• Segmentation: Yes
• Skeleton:
Endoskeleton
• Example: Lancelet,
sea squirts