Transcript Document
Objectives • Describe characteristics common to animals • Describe the characteristics of major animal phyla • Identify on sight members of major animal phyla • Define animal, chordate, vertebrate, invertebrate Characteristics of animals • • • • • • • Multicellular Eukaryotic Heterotrophic Sexual reproduction with some hermaphrodites No cell wall Motile at some stage Rapid response to environment – Nerve cells – Muscle cells – Both Taxonomy Taxonomy Classification • 27 Phyla – discuss major ones • Grouped as: – Invertebrates: NO backbone/vertebral column – Vertebrates: backbone/vertebral column – What is a backbone and what is a chordate? • Backbone: supportative bone structure • Chordate: has nerve chord • We will cover: – 6 phyla • 5 invertebrate phyla • 8 classes within the chordate phyla Classification Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Sponges Cnidarians Flatworms Roundworms Segmented worms Molluscs Arthropods Echinoderms Chordates Classification: Invertebrate (no backbone) Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Sponges Cnidarians Flatworms Roundworms Segmented worms Molluscs Arthropods Echinoderms Chordates Classification Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Sponges Cnidarians Flatworms Roundworms Segmented worms Molluscs Arthropods Echinoderms Chordates Sponges Sponges (Porifera) • Sac-like body • Cellular level of organization • 2 cell layers • Filter feeder • Rudimentary nervous system • CAN regenerate (b) Includes all types of sponges. Essential life functions are performed at the level of cells Water flows through sponge serving as respiratory, excretory, and internal transport system at same time Budding serves as asexual reproduction. Classification Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Sponges Cnidarians Flatworms Roundworms Segmented worms Molluscs Arthropods Echinoderms Chordates Cnidaria (Coelenterata) • Marine • Radial symmetry • Two cell layers with differentiation; one body opening • Alternating body forms (polyp & medusa) • Stinging cells Cnidaria Examples Includes jellyfish, sea anemones, hydras and coral. Soft-bodied animals with stinging tentacles arranged in circles around their mouth. Life cycles contain sessile flowerlike polyp and the motile bell-shaped medusa Lack centralized nervous system and general brain. Classification Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Sponges Cnidarians Flatworms Roundworms Segmented worms Molluscs Arthropods Echinoderms Chordates Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) • • • • 3 cell layers Acoelomate Many parasitic and/or pathogenic One way digestive system Includes flatworms, flukes, and planarians. Simplest animals with bilateral symmetry. Perform life functions at the level of organ systems. Aquatic and free living parasites. Lack usual circulatory and respiratory systems. Classification Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Sponges Cnidarians Flatworms Roundworms Segmented worms Molluscs Arthropods Echinoderms Chordates Roundworms (Nematoda) • • • • • Moist environments Most free-living; many parasitic Pseudocoelomate Tube-like digestive system Well-developed senses in free-living Includes all roundworms. Simplest animals to have a digestive system with two openings-mouth and anus. Most numerous of all multicellular animals. Free living-found in virtually all parts of the Earth. Have simple nervous systems and reproduce sexually. Classification Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Sponges Cnidarians Flatworms Roundworms Segmented worms Molluscs Arthropods Echinoderms Chordates Annelids • • • • • Segmented Coelomate Hydrostatic skeleton Brain + solid nerve cord Three main types – Marine Worms • 1 Clam worms (predators) • 2 Fan worms (prey) – Earthworms – Leeches Annelids Includes sandworms and bloodworms. Characterized by paired paddlelike appendages on body segments. Appendages are tipped with bristles that give this class its name. Live in cracks in coral reefs, sand, mud, piles of rocks, and open water. Classification Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Sponges Cnidarians Flatworms Roundworms Segmented worms Mollusks Arthropods Echinoderms Chordates Molluscs (Mollusca) • • • • Soft bodied with protective shells Aquatic/Marine Often mucus feeders Body parts – Visceral mass – Foot – Mantle (secretes shell) Includes clams, mussels, squids, octopi, slugs, and snails. Soft-bodied animals with external or internal shell. Body consists of: foot, mantle, shell,+ visceral mass. Utilizes both open and closed circulatory systems. Use nephridia to remove ammonia from blood. Mollusks Class including slugs and snails. Move by means of large foot on ventral side. Most have one-piece shell for protection. Defenses from predators include: bad-taste, poison, stinging, nocturnality, and quickness. Bright colors are warnings of danger. Class includes squids and octopi, cuttlefish, and nautiluses. Eight flexible tentacles are equipped suction cups for grabbing fish. Lack protective shell but have developed form of jet propulsion for defense. Able to squirt dark, foultasting ink into water and octopi can change colors to those of its surroundings. Classification Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Sponges Cnidarians Flatworms Roundworms Segmented worms Molluscs Arthropods Echinoderms Chordates Arthropods • 3 types: – 1 Crustaceans – 2 Insects – 3 Arachnids • Major characteristics: – 1 Exoskeleton (chitin) • • • • Protection Attachment for muscles Movement Prevent drying out – 2 Segmented bodies Head, thorax, abdomen, w/ jointed appendages – 3 Well developed brains and nervous systems Arthropods: Crustaceans Arthropods: Insects Arthropods: Arachnids Classification Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Sponges Cnidarians Flatworms Roundworms Segmented worms Molluscs Arthropods Echinoderms Chordates Echinoderms • • • • Marine animals Internal skeleton Spiny skin Radially symmetrical Echinoderms Classification Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Sponges Segmented worms Molluscs Arthropods Echinoderms Chordates Phylum Chordata Chordates have during some time in their development: • 1 notochord • 2 hollow nerve cord in the back • 3 pharyngeal pouches (embryonic structures) • 4 tail Classification Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Class Sponges Segmented worms Molluscs Arthropods Echinoderms Chordates Lancets Tunicates Jawless Fish Cartilaginous Fish Bony Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Lancets (invertebrate) Tunicates (invertebrate) Classification Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Class Sponges Segmented worms Molluscs Arthropods Echinoderms Chordates Lancets Tunicates Jawless Fish Cartilaginous Fish Vertebrates Bony Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Vertebrates • 1 living internal skeleton • 2 closed circulation • 3 paired appendages • 4 efficient breathing and excretion • 5 highly developed brains Jawless Fishes-Agnatha (lampreys) Cartilaginous Fishes-Chondrichthyes • 3 Types – Sharks – Rays – Skates • 3 Well developed senses – electrical – pressure – smell Bony Fishes-Osteichthyes • Claim to fame: (most numerous vertebrate) • 3 Types – Perch – Trout – Salmon • 3 Traits – Bony skeleton – Scales – Jaws Amphibia • 4 types – – – – Frogs Toads Newts Salamanders • 3 traits – Usually 4 legs – Usually metamorphose – Smooth, moist skin Amphibian Metamorphosis Reptilia • 4 types: – – – – Turtles Alligators Snakes Lizards • 3 traits – Usually 4 legs – Egg with a shell – Dry, scaly skin Aves • Traits: – Feathers – Hard-shelled egg – Usually wings for flying • Classification – Beak type – Foot type Birds • Adaptations for flying – – – – – – Wings Hollow, light bones Feathers Sternum Well-developed heart Well-developed lungs Mammalia • 4 traits – – – – Mammary glands Body hair Warm-blooded Infant dependency • 3 types: – 1 Monotremes – 2 Marsupials – 3 Placental Mammals: Monotremes • 2 types – 1 spiny anteater – 2 duckbilled platypus • Reproduction: – Eggs Mammals: Marsupials • Location: Australia, • 4 types: – – – – 1 opossum (here) 2 koala 3 kangaroo 4 Tasmanian wolf • Reproduction: – Born very early – Crawl into a pouch – Attach to a mammary gland Mammals: Placental Mammals Order: Primates • Traits: – 1 opposable thumb – 2 learned behavior – 3 big brain • Family: Hominidae • Genus: Homo • Species: Homo sapiens H.habilis H.sapiens Hominids Homo ergaster H. heidelbergensis Australopithecus afarensis H. neanderthalensis H. erectus A. robustus Ardipithecus ramidus A. africanus A. boisei Neanderthals vs. Cro-Magnons New member of Homo genus repo • Homo florensiensis • Small island in Indonesia: Florens • Short stature • Grapefruit sized skull • Island evolution – – – – – Isolation Inbreeding Reduced resources Limited competition Get smaller • Co-existed with modern humans until 18,000 years ago. http://www.nature.com/news/specials/flores/index.html Who are you? • • • • • • • • Domain: Kingdom: Phylum: Class: Order: Family: Genus: Species: Eukarya Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primata Hominidae Homo sapiens Eukaryote Animal Chordate Mammal Primate Hominid Human modern