Transcript Document
Movement III. Flageller (Chlorophyta, Axostylata, and Retortamonada) Cilia and Flagella anatomy! Cilia and Flagella anatomy! This is the 9 + 2 pattern characteristic of nearly all flagella and cilia. Cilia move in waves: metachronal waves. Undulatory movement Power stroke or oar like action Flagellar movement The Big Picture • Protists are a group of paraphyletic, protoplasmic organisms. • Three types of movement are common among protists • Cilia and flagella have a 9 + 2 arrangement Protozoa II Chapter 11 Outline • Protection • Feeding strategies • Reproduction – Sexual – Asexual • Life cycle Ameba Tests • Sand and Chitin • Calcium Carbonate – Foraminifora: marine • Silica – Radolarians: marine forms, oldest, known protists Difflugia sp. Testate amebas Centropyxis sp. Arcella sp. Ameba Tests • Sand and Chitin • Calcium Carbonate – Foraminifora: marine • Silica – Radolarians: marine forms, oldest, known protists Ameba Tests • Sand and Chitin • Calcium Carbonate – Foraminifora: marine • Silica – Radolarians: marine forms, oldest, known protists Feeding Strategies 1. Autotrophs- synthesize their own food 2. Heterotrophs- consume food made by others --Osmotrophs-ingest food in soluble form. --Phagotrophs-ingest visible particles of food. Phagotrophs I. Sucking II. Feeding currents III. Pseudopods General Feeding Process General Feeding Process 1. Food (prey) particle is brought near the body General Feeding Process 1. Food (prey) particle is brought near the body 2. Particle is brought into the cell by infolding or invagination --Food vacuole or phagosome General Feeding Process 1. Food (prey) particle is brought near the body 2. Particle is brought into the cell by infolding or invagination --Food vacuole or phagosome 3. Lysosomes fuse with vacuole General Feeding Process 1. Food (prey) particle is brought near the body 2. Particle is brought into the cell by infolding or invagination --Food vacuole or phagosome 3. Lysosomes fuse with vacuole 4. As food is digested, its products are taken into the cell across the vacuole membrane General Feeding Process 1. Food (prey) particle is brought near the body 2. Particle is brought into the cell by infolding or invagination --Food vacuole or phagosome 3. Lysosomes fuse with vacuole 4. As food is digested, its products are taken into the cell across the vacuole membrane 5. Undigested food is expelled Food Lysosome Food vacuole I. Sucking • By tentacles • Suctorian ciliate • Use long narrow tentacles to attach to prey items • Tentacles help it move food into the cell I. Sucking • Using the oral groove • e.g. Didinium (ciliate) • Attaches to prey item and ingests food through a temporary cytostome (cell mouth) Feeding Using the Cytostome II. Feeding Currents • This is a semi-passive feeding mechanism in which food is brought to the oral opening by creating water currents • Used by ciliates and flagellates • Organism usually sessile Codosiga Flagellar feeding currents • Particles are brought into the collar • Pseudopods move the particles into the cell III. Pseudopods • Used by amoebae • Pseudopods surround food particles • Encloses it inside body Protozoan Reproduction • Asexual 1. Binary fission 2. Budding 3. Multiple fission I. Binary fission • Division of one parent individual into two equal daughter individuals II. Budding • Division of one parent individual into two or more unequal daughter individuals. • The smaller daughter individual must mature. III. Multiple fission • Division of one parent individual into numerous individuals, simultaneously. Life cycle of Plasmodium (Malaria) Ciliate life cycle • Life cycles include – Asexual binary fission – Conjugations (sexual): temporary union of two individuals for the function of exchanging genetic material The Big Picture • Protists can be divided into two main groups depending on feeding strategy. • Phagocytosis is a common type of feeding strategy • How phagocytic protists feed differs widely • Reproduction in protists is mainly by binary fission, ciliates and apicomplexans have sexual reproduction!