Transcript Document

Ann Bucklin
University of Connecticut – Avery Point, USA
Shuhei Nishida
University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Sigrid Schiel
Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Germany
Peter Wiebe
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA
Preliminary Synthesis Conclusions
 Integrated morphological and molecular
systematic analysis: CMarZ cruises include
both expert taxonomists and geneticists, who
work together toward accurate descriptions of
zooplankton species diversity.
 Global surveys: CMarZ Steering Group
members are working together to achieve
global sampling from ships of opportunity and
dedicated cruises.
 Biodiversity of the deep sea: CMarZ is
providing new views of zooplankton species
biodiversity in the very deepest part of the
world oceans – and discovering new species
in many taxonomic groups.
Preliminary Synthesis Conclusions
DNA Barcoding: Rosetta Stone for Zooplankton
Amphipods
 310 species (529 individuals) from
Sargasso Sea (2006) and eastern Atlantic
(2007). [CMarZ contact: Ann Bucklin]
Gastropods
Chaetognaths
Gastropods
Ostracods
Nemerteans
Polychaetes
Cephalopods
Euphausiids
Decapods
Siphonophores
Copepods
Hydromedusae
Scyphzoa
0.1
MtCOI DNA barcodes resolve major taxonomic groups
of zooplankton. Ann Bucklin et al. (in prep)
Hippopodius hippopus
Limacina helicina
Salpa cylindrica
MtCOI DNA barcodes are accurate and reliable
identifiers of species for most zooplankton groups.
 41 species (87 individuals) from ArcOD
cruises to Arctic Ocean, 2004 – 2008
[CMarZ contacts: Ann Bucklin and Russ
Hopcroft]
 127 species of Cnidarians (Hydrozoa,
Scyphozoa, and Cubozoa) from North
Atlantic and North Pacific. [CMarZ
contact: Brian Ortman and Ann Bucklin]
 67 species (98 sequences for mtCOI and
mt12 S rRNA) from near Sanriku, Japan;
Oncaeidae copepods from the
Mediterranean Sea. [CMarZ contacts:
Shuhei Nishida and Ryuiji Machida]
 103 species from China Sea. [CMarZ
contact: Sun Song]
Zooplankton Diversity
Phylum
1
2
Foraminifera
Actinopoda
3
4
Cercozoa
Ciliophora
5
Cnidaria
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Ctenophora
Rotifera
Platyhelminthes
Nematomorpha
Nemertea
Annelida
Mollusca
13 Arthropoda
14 Chaetognatha
15 Chordata
Taxon
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
TOTALS
TOTALS (no Protista)
Foraminifera
Acantharea
Polycystinea (Radiolaria)
Phaeodarea (Radiolaria)
Aloricate Ciliata
Tintinnida
Hydromedusae
Siphonophora
Cubomedusae
Scyphomedusae
Ctenophora
Rotifera
Platyhelminthes
Nectonema
Nemertinea
Polychaeta
Gastropoda
Cephalopoda
Cladocera
Ostracoda
Isopoda
Copepoda
Mysidacea
Amphipoda
Euphausiacea
Decapoda
Insecta
Chaetognatha
Appendicularia
Pyrosoma
Doliolida
Salpidae
Species
49
150
350
350
150
300
842
160
18
161
90
50?
3?
5
99
110
144
370
8
169
20
2000
700
400
86
50
5
93
64
8
17
45
7,013
5,664
Zooplankton Diversity
 New species descriptions (published) from CMarZ:
Phylum
Cnidaria
Russ Hopcroft & Dhugal Lyndsay
Arthropods
Annelids
Chaetognaths
TOTALS
Janet Bradford Grieve
Group
Hydromedusae
Narcomedusae
Siphonophores
Scyphomedusae
Amphipods
Copepods
Ostracods
Mysids
Polychaetes
New
Species
2
1
1
2
1
19
3
49
1
2
81
New
Genus
1
1
New
Family
1
1
1
4
1
 Estimated new species ‘discovered’ = over 100.
 CMarZ Steering Group members are working on
“group-by-group” analyses, including:
- Handbook of the Radiolaria. Monographic publication
now in press. [Demetrio Boltovskoy]
Martin Angel
- Taxonomy, phylogeography, and phylogeny of
chaetognaths. [Annelies Pierrot-Bults]
- Atlantic atlas for the planktonic ostracods: Published on
NHM (London, UK) website. [Martin Angel]
D. Boltovskoy
Distribution and Abundance:
Zooplankton Species Discovery in Southeast Asia
Shuhei Nishida (Ocean Research Institute, Univ. of Tokyo, Japan)
 Shuhei Nishida and CMarZ / JSPS colleagues have carried out field
sampling, with comprehensive taxonomic analysis, throughout SE Asia.
 New species counts are growing:
- 15 new species of mysids (Murano et al., 2008)
- 1 new genus of copepods (Grygier & Ohtsuka, 2008)
- 6 new species of calanoid copepods (Nishida et al., in prep)
- 2 new species of talitrid amphipods (Othman & Azman, 2007)
- 1 new species of harpactacoid copepod (Shimono et al., 2007)
Training workshops complement research collaborations:
- JSPS CMarZ-Asia Workshop on Zooplankton Biodiversity, including census of
jellyfishes and jellyfish fisheries in Viet Nam, coral reef dynamics.
- LIPI-JSPS Workshop on Zooplankton Biodiversity in Southeast Asia, sampling
from coral reefs, mangroves, sandy shores, and estuaries.
Distribution and Abundance:
Zooplankton Diversity of the Eastern Atlantic Ocean
Sigrid Schiel (Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany)
 A comprehensive CMarZ biodiversity
survey was carried out on a meridional
transit of the Atlantic Ocean in 2007 on
RV Polarstern.
 Deep-sea sampling was carried out to
a maximum depth of 5,038 m.
 65,869 specimens of 473 species have
been sorted and identified on board.
 2,043 specimens of 389 species were
collected for barcoding. At-sea
barcoding determined 122 DNA
sequences for 66 species.
 At-sea taxonomic training workshops
were organized for students.
Net 4
Net 3
Net 2
Net 1
MOCNESS 10m2 (335 µm) >5000-1000m
MOCNESS 1m2 (335 µm) 1000-0m
Multinet 0.5 m2 (100µm) 1000-0m
Cheryl Clark Hopcroft
Distribution and Abundance:
Coastal Ecosystem Assessment in Africa
Hans M. Verheye, Marine & Coastal Management, South Africa
NML
CMarZ is partnering with the
South African government for
environmental monitoring to
collect zooplankton samples
from coastal waters around
Africa, including the complex
and variable Benguela
Current coastal ecosystem.
Environmental monitoring and pelagic fish stock
assessment surveys in South Africa: Zooplankton
collected and analyzed from transects along SA
continental shelf
PPEML
WBEML
OrangeRiver
River Mouth
Mouth
Orange
30°
Hondeklip Bay
Bay
Hondeklip
FRS Africana
Doring Bay
Bay
Doring
32°
CapeColumbine
Columbine
Cape
CapeTown
Town
Cape
34°
SHBML
SARP
Annual Recruit
Biomass Surveys
(May/June)
36°
16°
18°
20°
22°
24°
26°
28°
29°
BENEFIT Programme:
BENguela Environment
Fisheries Interaction &
Training: Dedicated
environmental monitoring
along 5 transects in fisheries
key areas along the west
coasts of Angola, Namibia
and South Africa, using
comparable sampling and
analysis methodologies
November 2002
Spawner Biomass Survey
AFR171
Annual Spawner
Biomass Surveys
(November)
30°
Hondeklip Bay
31°
Doring Bay
32°
Lambert's Bay
Columbine
33°
Port Alfred
Cape Town
34°
Port Elizabeth
Mossel Bay
Agulhas
35°
36°
37°
38°
16°
17°
18°
19°
20°
21°
22°
23°
24°
25°
26°
27°
28°
Distribution and Abundance:
Zooplankton Diversity in the Andaman Sea, Indian Ocean
Vijayalakshmi Nair, National Institute of Oceanography, Kochi, India
 Comprehensive biodiversity survey using collections during 20032006. Major groups were identified into species: 20 chaetognaths (2
new species), 199 calanoid copepods, 74 larval fish, 70 decapods, 7
mysids, 10 appendicularians, 8 ostracods.
 Phenomenal changes in chaetognath community: 1963, 1979 and
2005. Population density reduced to half; species diversity doubled.
Biogeographical distributions characterized for the region.
Biogeography of chaetognaths in the Indian Ocean
Vijayalakshmi Nair, National Institute of Oceanography, Kochi, India
Tropical zone
Maximum diversity
Indo-Pacific species
Subtropical zone
Cosmopolitan species
Surfacing of meso and bathyplanktonic species
Transitional zone
Maximum faunistic contrast, overlapping of cold & warm water species
Distribution and Abundance:
Zooplankton Species Discovery in the Celebes Sea
Larry Madin, Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst., USA
Regions of Exploration
 Continuing analysis of
samples is yielding a treasuretrove of new, rare, and/or
undescribed species:
- black lobate ctenophore
(genus Bathocyroe)
- polychaete worm with
prehensile tentacles.
 Blue-water SCUBA dives
yielded salps, medusae,
siphonophores and
ctenophores.
 Trawl collections captured
midwater fishes, crustaceans,
coronate medusae, as well as
pteropods and pyrosomes.
Examples of Societal Impact to Date
Monitoring Ballast Water in Argentine Ports:
Project involves monitoring the ballast water of
transoceanic ships. Salinity is measured and
plankton samples are collected and distributed
among 10 specialists in various planktonic
groups for identification of both freshwater and
marine zooplankton. [Demetrio Boltovskoy]
Impacts of a Marine Bioinvasion: Sampling
from the Caspian Sea showed striking impacts
of an alien zooplankton species. Satellitederived chlorophyll-a concentrations was
significantly correlated with biomass of the
invasive predatory ctenophore Mnemiopsis
leidyi. By consuming grazing zooplankton, M.
leidyi may have caused levels of Chl a to rise
to unprecedented values (9mg /m3) in the
southern Caspian Sea. [Ahmet Kideys]
Kideys, A.E. et al. (2008) Research Letters in Ecology
Current Limits to Knowledge
KNOWN: ~7,000 described species of marine
metazoan and protozoan holo-zooplankton.
UNKNOWN: There are estimated to be many
times more plankton species in the world
oceans than are currently described.
Taxonomic groups where species discovery is
particularly likely include fragile and rare
groups, and cosmopolitan species whose
ranges span more than one ocean basin.
UNKNOWABLE: All regions of the deep-sea –
and many unexplored regions and
biodiversity “hotspots” – are certain to yield
many new species; fragile species will require
in situ collection by divers, ROVs or
submersibles.
Developing Technology
 DNA barcoding: CMarZ is sequencing a
selected barcode gene – most usually the
mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI)
gene – for each of the 7,000 described species
of zooplankton.
 Zooplankton metagenomics: CMarZ is
pioneering metagenomic analysis (i.e., the
study of genomes recovered from
environmental samples) of all metazoans
collected by plankton nets.
 DNA microarrays: DNA barcode database
will be used to fabricate DNA “chips” with
recognition sequences for known species to
be used for routine sample analysis and –
eventually – autonomous and remote analysis
of zooplankton species diversity.
Visualization & Communication
Acknowledgments
CMarZ Steering Group Members
Shown here with Japanese colleagues at the University of Tokyo, Japan
Programmatic and scientific support provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
Research funding from NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration, US NSF Biological Oceanography, US
NSF Office of Polar Programs, and many other sources.