Transcript Craniates in Time and Taxa

¿ What anatomical/physiological
features distinguish vertebrates?
¿ In what ecosystems do
vertebrates occur ?
¿ Who are
vertebrates related
to, and how are
they related to each
other ?
¿ What are the roles of
vertebrates in aquatic and
terrestrial ecosystems ?
¿ How many different kinds or
species of vertebrates are there ?
The vertebrate story…
There are over ____________ living vertebrate species
For every ______ species there were ~100 that are now ______
Vertebrates are found …
Vertebrates range in size from tiny …
small enough to fit on a coin,
to _________________who are so huge
their heart is a big a small car
Vertebrate lifestyle is …
obtain energy as both carnivores and herbivores with many
specializations in between
The vertebrate story…
Two major groups of vertebrates
1) __________________:
*
*
(~1,000 species)
*
(~27,000 species)
*
(~6,400 species)
The vertebrate story…
Two major groups of vertebrates…
2) _________ , which also has two major groups:
_________________ Synapsids –
*
*
(~300 species)
(~4,800 species)
*
(~8,000 species)
*
(~25 species)
*
(~9,700 species)
The vertebrate story…
New species…
¿How many species are there on planet Earth?
Estimates vary by an order of magnitude!
Thousands of species described annually
Most are small and of “other” kingdoms… still some vertebrates
being described.
Examples…
Agnatha
Extinct:
*
*Mostly small fish 2cm
(some up to 2m)
*
*4 openings on dorsal
surface of head
*
http://universe-review.ca/I10-27-jawlessfish.jpg
Agnatha
Extant:
______ and ________
*
*Hagfish are
…
http://www.exploretheabyss.com/photo/gallery/gallery/
ds_trawl/images/HagfishLR.jpg
*Most Lamprey
are…
http://www.glaucus.org.uk/sea-lamprey-sucker-RL.jpg
http://www.nwrc.usgs.gov/world/images/lamprey.jpg
Extant Jawless fishes…
Hagfish (Myxinoidea) …
Class - Myxini
Order – Myxiniformes
Family – Myxinidae
Genera – 6 from mostly temperate waters
Species - > 40 with Pacific and Atlantic Hagfish most well
known.
At least one fossil representative from Carboniferous that resembles
modern species.
Only occur in ___________ habitats
Live on soft bottoms of mud,
silt
or clay usually from 25 – 600m deep.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NYRr_MrjebA&NR=1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g8pONkTyk2c
http://www.bio.uio.no/akv/english/research/mzk/benthos_pictures.ht
ml
Extant Jawless fishes…
Hagfish (Myxinoidea) …
They burrow and perhaps feed on soft-bodied worms etc. they encounter.
Also scavenge and prey on fish
Apparently good sense of smell,
as they quickly find netted fish.
Unique _________
technique allows
them to pull meat from carcass.
__________ and
http://sophont.blogspot.com/2004_02_01_archive.html
retraction of teeth
on each side of
mouth
pull off/in
food
http://bakkouz.net/pix/Hagfish.jpg
Extant Jawless fishes…
Hagfish (Myxinoidea) …
Eyes degenerate and covered by skin
Large tentacles surround
nasal opening and mouth
Probably lack a larval stage
http://www.uoregon.edu/~joet/Pictures-Pages/Image5.html
http://a.abcnews.com/Technology/AmazingAnimals/popup?id=4958186&contentIndex=1&page=6&start=f
alse
http://www.gma.org/fogm/myxine_glutinosa.htm
Extant Jawless fishes…
Hagfish (Myxinoidea) …
5 to 15 pairs of gills
(depending on species)
Some species have
branchial ducts that exit
via a single tube and external
opening
http://www.austmus.gov.au/fishes/fishfacts/fish/ecirrhatus6.ht
m
Broad-gilled Hagfish
Broad-gilled Hagfish
http://www.austmus.gov.au/fishes/fishfacts/fish/ecirrhatus5.ht
m
Extant Jawless fishes…
Hagfish (Myxinoidea) …
Cartilaginous skeleton not well developed…
* ____________
* Only a membranous roof of the skull
1 ______________ on each side of head
(Lamprey have 2 and other vertebrates have 3)
In addition to primitive heart… they also have ________________
regions in:
* Tail
* Cardinal vein
* Portal vein
Have red blood cells like other vertebrates… but only one type of WBC.
Extant Jawless fishes…
Hagfish (Myxinoidea) …
Females outnumber males 100 to 1
Thought at first to be hemaphroditic
Almost nothing known of their reproductive biology!
Recent studies have verified the presence of __________________.
Extant Jawless fishes…
Hagfish (Myxinoidea) …
Well known for a defensive mechanism… _________!
Abundant mucous glands secreting ______ and ______________
Proteins straighten in water and trap mucus close to hagfishes body
After danger has left, hagfish ties a knot in tail and pulls it towards its
head “squeegie-ing” off the slime.
Extant Jawless fishes…
Hagfish (Myxinoidea) …
Some commercial use in Asia as source
for leather and meat.
Can cause some
Economic loss to
commercial fisheries
when able to
access fish
caught in gill nets
and/or long lines
http://www.daylife.com/photo/0e9DdRDae
V8qa
“Human exploitation
Of natural resources,
such as fisheries, typically depletes
stocks because no attention is given
to the biology of the resource and its
renewable, sustainable characteristics.
For example, we do not know how long
Hagfish live; how old they are when
they first begin to reproduce; exactly how, when or where they breed; where the youngest juveniles live; what are the diets
and energy requirements of free-living hagfishes; or virtually any of the other information needed for good management.
As a result, eel-skin wallets will probably become as rare as items made of whalebone , tortoise shell and ivory. “(Pough et
http://www.daylife.com/photo/0g1T92TaxK623
Extant Jawless fishes…
Lamprey (Petromyzontoidea) …
Class – Cephalaspidomorphi
Order – Petromyzontiformes /
(Hyperoartia)
Family – Petromyzontidae
Genera – 10
Species - ~ 40 with
http://www.gma.org/fogm/Petromyzon_marinus.htm
Petromyzon sp. and Lampetra sp. most well known.
Superficially resemble Hagfish, but differ in several important ways
including vertebrae
Unique in having a nasal opening (single) that leads to the pituitary gland.
Extant Jawless fishes…
Lamprey (Petromyzontoidea) …
Petromyzon marinus Sea Lamprey
Extant Jawless fishes…
Lampreys (Petromyzontoidea) …
Most species are
____________
Use hornified “teeth”
on the surface of the
oral hood and tongue
Can have a negative
Impact on game
and commercial
fisheries
http://www.gma.org/fogm/Petromyzon_marinus.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boca_de_lamprea.1__Aquarium_Finisterrae.JPG
http://www.biology.duke.edu/bio217/2005/ncy/sea%20lamprey.html
Extant Jawless fishes…
Lampreys (Petromyzontoidea) …
Lampreys have 7 pairs of gill pouches
Do not typically use _____________
Rather, they use
___________________
http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2005/September/03100501.asp
Extant Jawless fishes…
Lampreys (Petromyzontoidea) …
Nearly all species are _________________
Anadromous species that grow in adult form in the sea are
the largest (up to 1m)
A small parasitic species (Lampetra minima) was full grown at less than
10 cm (now extinct)
Spawn in streams
Lay 100,000s
of eggs
http://oregonstate.edu/dept/ODFW/NativeFish/Lamprey.htm
Extant Jawless fishes…
Lampreys (Petromyzontoidea) …
Larval lamprey are called ___________________
Live in gravel beds ______________ and organic debris for 3-7 years
Metamorphose and then begin journey to sea or other major water basin
where they will grow and mature.
Usually live as adults for less than 2 years.
They migrate back up to their hatching grounds (now spawning grounds)
______________________!
Gnathostomes
3 groups appeared in the Paleozoic:
1) ___________ (ex. Arthrodires) had large
boney plates and paired fins
http://www.noaca.org/earlgeo.gif
http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/dossiers/dosevol/imgArt/dioram/PaleozoDevon
/Zimg/dicksonosteus.jpg
Gnathostomes
3 groups appeared in the Paleozoic:
2) __________________ (cartilagenous fishes)
*Includes …
*
*
*
http://www.lifeglobe.com/images/product/Shark
s/sharks04_r2_c2.jpg
http://www.pangaeadesigns.com/_graphics/page
/fish/large/ratfish.jpg
Gnathostomes
3 groups appeared in the Paleozoic:
3) ___________________ (spiny and bony fishes)
* ______________s are (spiny fishes) are extinct
*Had skeleton of bone and cartilage
*Had …
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/imag
es/R-acanthodians.gif
Osteichthyans
Shared ancestors with tetrapods
*
*
Paired fins…
either
ray finned (_____________)
or
fleshy finned (___________)
http://www.paleodirect.org/fg009.htm
Actinopterygii
Basal groups include …
http://www.hellscanyonsportfishing.com/images/sturgeon%20pictures/Kevin
%20&%20Sturgeon%202.jpg
http://www.digimorph.org/specimens/Polypterus_senegalus/whole/specimen.jpg
Actinopterygii
Advanced groups include …
http://www.sdafs.org/laafs/Amazing%20Fish%20Pictures/Big%2
0Alligator%20Gar%2009-03.JPG
__________________
*
2 major clades:
_________, extinct
except “coelocanths”
___________
(and dipnoi)
“lungfish”
http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm0
5/1116/34-14-Coelocanth.jpg
http://www.bertsgeschiedenissite.nl/geschiedenis%20aarde/lun
gfish.jpg
______________
*Paraphyletic group… omitting amniote descendants
*Extinct groups include Labrynthodonts (Ichthyostega)
*Extant group (Lissamphibia) includes:
______ (caecilians)
_________ (salamanders)
__________ (frogs)
http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/science/media/Btai
tanus-PC1b.jpg
http://news.siu.edu/news/May05/images/salamande
r.jpg
http://www.yesnet.yk.ca/schools/wes/webquests_themes/frog
s_theme/frogs_K/frog_species/barred/images/barred_leaf_frog
_jpg.jpg
Amniotes
Group includes Reptiles and Synapsids
__________ (paraphyletic)
_________ (testudinea) “turtles”
__________ “tuatara”
__________ “lizards, snakes etc.”
____________ “crocodiles” etc.
____________ “birds”
Synapsids
Amniotes with …
Mammalia
_______________ (echidnas and platypus)
_______________ (many forms, ex. kangaroos)
Mammalia
________________ (shrews, moles etc.)
Mammalia
______________ (sloths, anteaters and armadillos)
_______________ (single species… aardvark)
Mammalia
_____________ (single genus… Manis “pangolins”)
Mammalia
_______________ (bats)
Mammalia
_____________ (lemurs, monkeys, apes etc.
Mammalia
______________ (pikas, hares and rabbits)
Mammalia
_________________ (largest mammalian order… rats etc.)
Mammalia
_______________ (diverse group)
Mammalia
_________________ (carnivores of the sea… seals etc.)
Mammalia
_______________ (odd-toed ungulates… horses, tapirs,
rhinos)
Mammalia
________________ (even-toed ungulates… sheep, deer,
giraffes etc.)
Mammalia
_______________ (similar to rodents and ungulates ex. rock
hyrax)
Mammalia
_______________ (elephants etc.)
Mammalia
_______________ (manatees etc.)
Mammalia
____________ (whales and company)