Transcript Introduction, the Hydrologic Cycle and

Hydrology
A science dealing with the properties, distribution
and circulation of water.
David Tarboton
http://www.engineering.usu.edu/dtarb/
[email protected]
CEE6400 Physical Hydrology
http://www.engineering.usu.edu/dtarb/cee6400
My Teaching
Physical Hydrology (CEE6400)
This course
GIS in Water Resources Online (CEE6440)
A linked classroom course presented in partnership
with David Maidment at the University of Texas at
Austin.
Engineering Hydrology (CEE3430)
Spring
Online Module - Rainfall Runoff Processes
http://www.engineering.usu.edu/dtarb/rrp.html
Research
Theme
• To advance the capability for hydrologic prediction by
developing models that take advantage of new information
and process understanding enabled by new technology
Topics
• Hydrologic information systems (includes GIS)
• Terrain analysis using digital elevation models – Parallel
computation for watershed delineation
• Snow hydrology and glacier melt modeling
• Hydrologic modeling
• Hydrological Consequences of Global Climate Change for
Stream Biodiversity
•3
Hydrology and Water Resources
• The availability of water to sustain life is
perhaps the most recurrent constraint in
human history and will remain so in the
foreseeable future.
From http://www.doi.gov/water2025/index.html
Hydrologic Science in the hierarchy from basic
sciences to water resources management
Water
Resources
Management
• Economics
• Law
• Sociology
• Political
Science
• Engineering
Hydrology
• Agriculture
• Forestry
•
•
•
• Fluid Mechanics
• Hydraulic
Engineering
• Meteorology
• Hydrologic
Science
•
•
•
Modified From: National Research Council Committee on Opportunities in
the Hydrologic Sciences (COHS), (1991), Opportunities in the Hydrologic
Sciences, Editor, P. S. Eagleson, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
Basic Sciences
• Mathematics
• Statistics
• Physics
• Chemistry
• Biology
Geosciences
• Geology
• Soil Science
• Atmospheric
Science
• Ocean Science
• Glaciology
• Geochemistry
–
–
–
The Hydrologic Cycle
From Ross Woods
From Chow et al., 1988
Global
water
balance
fluxes and
stores
Storage in km3.
Fluxes in km3/yr
From Dingman, 2002
From Brutsaert, 2005
Europe
Asia
Africa
N America
Australia
Continental Water Balance m/yr
0.73
0.73
0.69
0.67
0.74
0.41
0.44
0.55
0.38
0.51
0.32
0.29
0.14
0.29
0.23
Data from Brutsaert, 2005, Table 1.2
From Chow et al., 1988
World Water Balance
From Brutsaert, 2005
Water Balance
Atmospheric Water
Soil Water
Surface Water
Groundwater
Change of
Storage = Inflow - Outflow
Watershed delineated on a topographic map
Watershed water balance
P
ET
Gin
dS
 P  Q  ET  G in  G out
dt
Q
S
Gout
Hydrologic Data and Hydrologic Budget
• USGS http://waterdata.usgs.gov
– Logan River Mean Annual Flow 236.8 cfs
• Streamstats
http://water.usgs.gov/osw/streamstats/
– Logan River Mean annual precipitation in
inches 35.5
– Area 214 mi2
What is the Evapotranspiration from the Logan River Catchment
and what is its uncertainty?
Temporal Variability of Hydrologic Data
0 20000
mgal
60000
Alafia River Streamflow
1940
1950
1960
1970
Year
1980
1990
2000
Logan River Annual Aggregate Time Series
2500
mean cfs
7 day min cfs
max cfs
2000
cfs
1500
1000
500
0
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Random variables
0.20
0.10
 f (x)dx
f(x)
P( x1  X  x 2 ) 
x2
0.30
Probability density
function
0.00
x1
0
Cumulative distribution
function

6
8
10
12
0.8
0.4
0.0
 f (x )dx
4
x
F(x)
F( x )  P( X  x ) 
x2
2
0
2
4
6
x
8
10
12
From Dingman, 2002
From Dingman, 2002
Duration Curves
160
7 day minimum flow (cfs)
140
120
100
80
60
40
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Exceedence Frequency
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
8000
4000
Mean flow mgal
12000
Mean of Monthly
Alafia River
Alafia RiverStreamflow.
Monthly Mean Streamflow
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Month
8
9
10
11
12
Storage-Yield Analysis
• Used to size a reservoir given a streamflow
time series.
Storage-Yield Analysis
• Sequent Peak Procedure
Rt = y Q
Kt = Kt-1 + Rt – Qt
If Kt < 0, Kt=0
S = Max(Kt)
Storage deficit time series for different levels of demand
100000
50000
0
Storage Deficit
150000
0.7
0.5
0
50
100
150
Months
200
Storage Yield Plot
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
0.7
0.5
0.6
Yield %
20000
0.3
0.4
15000
0.2
10000
0.1
5000
Yield cfs.day
25000
0.8
30000
0.9
35000
0
% Mean flow
1.2
1.4
1.6
0
200000
400000
600000
Storage cfs.day
800000
1000000
1200000
0.9
Reservoir Storage-Yield Analysis
0.8
X
0.6
X
0.5
X
0.4
X
X
0.3
D*
R/Q
0.7
X
X
0
20
40
S*
S/Q
60
80
3
Box Plot
1
2
Outliers: beyond 1.5*IQR
Whiskers: 1.5*IQR or largest
value
-3
-2
-1
0
Box: 25th %tile to 75th %tile
Line: Median (50th %tile) - not
the mean
Note: The range shown by the box is
called the “Inter-Quartile Range” or
IQR.
This is a robust measure of spread. It is
insensitive to outliers since it is based
purely on the rank of the values.
D* = 0.5
4
6
8
S*
10
12
14
Reservoir Reliability Analysis
0.01
0.1
0.5
0.8
0.95
Probability of Meeting Demand
0.99
0.999
From http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/us/13mead.html
Barnett, T. P., and D. W. Pierce (2008), When will Lake Mead go dry?, Water Resour. Res.,
doi:10.1029/2007WR006704, in press.
From NRC Colorado River Basin Management, 2007
From NRC Colorado River Basin Management, 2007
From NRC Colorado River Basin Management, 2007
From NRC Colorado River Basin Management, 2007
From NRC Colorado River Basin Management, 2007
Lake Powell
Capacity 27
MAF
Reading
• Loucks, D. P., E. van Beek, J. R. Stedinger, J. P. M. Dijkman and M.
T. Villars, (2005), Water Resources Systems Planning and
Management: An Introduction to Methods, Models and Applications,
UNESCO, Paris, 676 p, http://hdl.handle.net/1813/2804.
• Tarboton, D. G., (1994), "The Source Hydrology of Severe
Sustained Drought in the Southwestern United States," Journal of
Hydrology, 161: 31-69, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/00221694(94)90120-1.
• Barnett, T. P. and D. W. Pierce, (2008), "When will Lake Mead go
dry?," Water Resour. Res., 44: W03201,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006704.
• National Research Council Committee on the Scientific Bases of
Colorado River Basin Water Management, (2007), Colorado River
Basin Water Management: Evaluating and Adjusting to
Hydroclimatic Variability, National Academy Press, Washington, DC,
http://books.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=11857.