Transcript תפיסת המצב הכלכלי

The Social Survey
ICBS
Nurit Dobrin
December 2010
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Social
The Social Survey
Annual survey, new sample each year, individuals age
20 and over
Provides updated information of living conditions and the
welfare of the population
Core: Geographic, demographic and socio-economic
information, including attitudes
Annual subject – recent years: Views concerning
government services, welfare, social mobility, religiosity,
family, health and lifestyle, use of technology.
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Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
Promotion of employees
in the workplace:
Are men promoted
more then women?
Based on the Israeli Social survey
2008
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Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
Table 1. Employment status by sex, age 25-64
2008
Total
men
women
3,334,810
1,635,805
1,699,005
100.0
100.0
100.0
Employed
72.4
81.3
63.7
Unemployed
3.8
3.4
4.3
Not in labour force
23.8
15.3
32.0
Total
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Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
Table 2. Full-time versus part-time
employment by sex, age 25-64, 2008
Total
Full-time
Part-time
Total
2,379,507
100.0
83.7
16.3
men
1,297,370
100.0
92.9
7.1
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Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
women
1,082,137
100.0
72.8
27.2
Diagram 1. Gross income from work, in
NIS, by sex, 2008, percentages
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Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
“Has there been any change in
your status at work (comparing
the beginning of your employment
to the current period)?”
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Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
Diagram 2. Employees reporting promotion at
work, by seniority and sex, 2008, percentages
Total
Up to 4
years
seniority
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Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
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Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
Table 3. Rate of promotion of employees by
occupation1 and sex, 2008 Social Survey, percentages
1Based
on occupations at a 2-digit differentiation level.
Employees in occupations
with less than 50% women
Employees in occupations
with more than 50% women
956.9
100.0
965.0
100.0
45.7
37.9
Thousands
Percent
Promoted at work
Men
Women
Men
Women
Thousands
747.3
226.3
209.6
755.4
Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Promoted at work
44.3
50.9
43.3
36.2
Not promoted at work
55.7
49.1
56.7
63.8
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Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
Diagram 3. Employees by gross monthly income,
sex, education and promotion, 2008, percentages
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
up to
3,000
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3,0014,000
4,0015,000
5,0016,000
6,0017,500
% acad. men
% men prom.
Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
7,50110,000
10,00114,000
14,00021,000
% acad. Women
% women prom.
more
then
21,000
Diagram 4. Employees with over five years of seniority
in the workplace by number of weekly work hours,
workplace promotion, and sex, 2008, percentages
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
9 ‫עד‬
10-19
20-29
30-39
40-44
45-49
50-59
Num hours a week
hours a week men
hours a week women
promotion men
promotion women
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Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
60+
Diagram 4. Employees with over five years of
seniority by age of youngest child in the household
and workplace promotion, 2008, percentages
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Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
Table 4. The effect of sex and other background
variables on workplace promotion
logistical regression, odds ratio
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Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
Diagram 5. Estimated probability of
promotion at work according to the model
men
women
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Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
Conclusions and Discussion
• Overall, the percentage of women reporting promotion was
lower than the percentage of men
• The literature indicates that men are more motivated by
promotion
• women are over-represented in jobs characterized by low
wage mobility, or ‘Dead end jobs’.
• These jobs are especially present in the public sector
• Women report more “damage” in the occupational sphere as
a result of childbirth.
• Lower participation of women in the labor market in terms of
number of work hours and full-time versus part-time work.
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Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
…Conclusions and Discussion
• On the other hand, when women and men hold the same
positions, both have a similar level of wage mobility.
• At similar income levels, women are promoted more than
men, probably due to a relatively high rate of academic
degree holders among these women.
• A similar outcome is obtained when the number of work
hours is held constant: in each category of work hours
per week, women are promoted more.
• When the youngest child is of mandatory schooling age
or older, women are promoted more.
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Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
…Conclusions and Discussion
• The multivariate analysis also demonstrates the
complex outcome:
– When work hours are not held constant, the sex of
the employee has no significant effect on the
probability of promotion.
– Only when work hours are taken into
consideration does the correlation become
significant – but it is women who have a higher
probability of promotion.
– Thus, the sex of the employee has an effect only
when the other characteristics of the work, where the
distribution of men and women is not random, are
included in the analysis.
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Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
The Simpson Paradox
The question whether women are promoted in the
workplace less than men appears to have two
different answers.
As we have seen, the solution to the paradox lies in
the relatively low representation of women in
groups characterized by higher rates of promotion
(higher wage earners, “profitable” occupations,
workers who invest a large number of work hours,
and more).
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Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
Explanations
• Several possible explanations for the fact that when
various demographical and occupational variables are
held constant, women report more promotion:
– Women reach these positions as a result of promotion,
whereas men reach them by other means, such as due
to initial terms of employment or contract parameters.
– Women who invest the work hours and accumulate the
seniority allowing progress at work may attain higher
achievements, and therefore earn more promotion than
men.
– A different interpretation by men and women of
“promotion in status or position,” as the survey was
worded.
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Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
Nurit Dobrin, the Social Survey
ICBS
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