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Chapter 5 – Correlational Research: Surveys Zechmeister, J. S., Zechmeister, E. B., & Shaughnessy, J. J. (2001). Essentials of research methods in psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill. We are going on a Virtual Field Trip! 1. Click on this link to take you to our site and take the 2-item quiz. This will take about 5 minutes. 2. When you have completed the quiz, come back and type “Finished” in the text box, so I know you are back. Your screen will resemble this and you can highlight the address and save it for later. This is an excellent resource for your future viewing with many free videos and instructional material for your future reference. Ready! Get set! . . . . . . Click! See you in five minutes! Remember to type “Finished” in the text box when you return! Surveys -> Correlational Research Surveys Description: Describe people’s opinions, feelings, and preferences Prediction: Predict what people are going to do. Correlational Research Assess relationships among naturally occurring variables Surveys Surveys amass the data which is then used to find what the relationships are in the “naturally occurring variables.” Correlational Research Researchers use correlational research to assess relationships among naturally occurring variables and to make predictions. Correlational Coefficient The size of a correlation indicates the strength of the predictive relationship. ±0.80 is considered a strong correlation -1.0 & +1.0 are perfect correlations +1.0 Positive Correlation -1.0 Negative Correlation Introduction Correlation Coefficient Size – strength -1.0 - +1.0 : perfect correlation Sign : direction Scatterplot Margin of Error Measures in Correlational Research Value of research depends on the quality of measurements Questionnaires Demographic variables Preferences/Attitudes Self-Report Scales Measures in Correlational Research Reliability – consistency Test-retest Internal consistency Reliability Coefficient Measures in Correlational Research Validity Does it measure what says it does? Construct validity Convergent validity Discriminant validity p. 122, Table 5.4 of our text Construct validity Obtaining a Sample Samples are Used to Describe Populations Population Sample Representativeness Biased Sample Selection Bias Response Bias Obtaining a Sample Nonprobability sampling Convenience sampling Probability sampling Simple random sampling Stratified random sampling Survey Research Designs Cross-sectional design Successive independent samples design Longitudinal design Thinking Critically About Correlational Research Correlation Reactivity: Social Desirability