Transcript chp2a

Application Software and the
World Wide Web
ITSC 1401
Instructor: Glenda H. Easter
Objectives
• Define application software
• Explain how to start a software application
• Explain the key features of widely used software
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applications
Provide examples illustrating the importance of
the World Wide Web
Describe how to use a Web browser
Explain how to search for information on the Web
Describe the learning aids available with many
software packages.
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System Software versus
Application Software
BOOTING
• System Software
•System
•Application
Controls and
Coordinates Computer
Operations
• Application Software
– Special Purpose
– General Purpose
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The Role of Software
• Software is the series of instructions that tell
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computer hardware how to perform tasks.
There are two major types of software.
Most programs are application programs; they
solve the users’ problems.
Application programs are written by application
programmers, who usually have a business
background.
System Programs are written by system
programmers with a more technical background.
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System and Application
Software
• These two types of software must work together
and enhance each other. The
system software is required
to make the application work,
and without application
software, you cannot perform
desired tasks for
productivity.
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Computer Software
• Software is the set of instructions that directs a
computer to process information.
• These instructions are called programs.
• There are two types of software: System Software
and Application Software.
– System Software coordinates the operation of the
hardware components and is frequently referred to as
the operating system.
– Application Software is a set of programs designed for
specific uses or applications.
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Functions of an
Operating System
• Operating systems go to work setting up the work
environment the moment a computer is turned on.
• Some of the functions of an operating system
include:
– It consists of programs that control the operations of the
computer and its devices.
– Controls or interfaces with multiple input/output
devices.
– The operating system handles complex storage of files.
– It manages memory.
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Functions of an
Operating System (Continued)
• Additional functions of an operating system
enable the user to communicate with the
operating system.
– Some systems support networking.
– Some support multiple typefaces and
audio/video
– Some systems provide on-line help and
multitasking.
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Managing Resources
• Operating systems don’t just manage the
interaction of components.
• In a multi-user system, the operating system
controls who has access to what and how
much of it.
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Controlling Input and
Output Processes
• I/O (Input/Output Devices) may require
– Either occasional attention to instruct them on their next
step of operations
– In between they will transfer data directly to or from
memory.
• Device Drivers are system software components
that allow the operating system to control a
device.
– They are separate pieces of software, usually produced
by the hardware manufacturer of the device.
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The Role of the User Interface
• All software, including the operating
system, communicates with the user in a
certain way, through a portion of the
program called a user interface.
• The user interface controls how you enter
data or instructions and how information
and processing options are presented to you.
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The Role of the User Interface
(Continued)
• Command-line interfaces allow users to write
short programs called batch files, scripts, or
macros depending on the system.
– Software user interface describes in detail the
rules and conventions by which the program
will communicate with people using it.
– User interface is a set of rules and conventions
by which a person communicates with the
system.
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Windows Environment
• Windows (Win3.1, Win95, Win98) have
moderate hardware requirements.
• Windows allows cooperative multitasking
which means that applications
must cooperate and
relinquish resources
voluntarily.
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Graphical User Interface
• In a graphical user interface (GUI) environment
you find the following elements:
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The desktop

A button
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Commands
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Window
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A dialog box
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Context-Sensitive Menus
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An icon
Menu
A submenu
Title bar
Shortcut menus
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Application Software Functions
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Word Processing
Desktop Publishing
Spreadsheets
Databases
Telecommunications
Graphics
Resource Discovery
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Commonly Used
Application Software
• Word Processing
– WPWIN
– MSWord
• Spreadsheet
– Excel
– Lotus 1-2-3
– QuattroPro
• Databases
– Access
– Paradox
– dBase
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Application Software and
Packages
• A variety of software programs and
packages are available.
• Software programs can be grouped for ease
of translation from one component to
another. An example of this is MS Works.
• Software suites consist of independent
programs grouped together such as MS
Office.
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Word Processing
In The Beginning
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•
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ABC
WORDS
E.
Remington
and Sons
Hand Carvings
Printing Press
Typewriter
Word Processor
Computer
Software
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Roots of Word Processing
• The history of word processing lies in the
development of printing technology.
• Printing presses made literacy widespread.
• Early word processors disallowed fonts and
required complex codes to underline and bold
text. Word processing makes document
creation easier and faster.
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WP - Basic Features
word wrap
insert mode
WP is an
easy to
use soft-
fonts
• Writing
• Editing
• Formatting
• Saving
• Printing
default values
typeover mode
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file names
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WP - Additional Features
Spell Checker
Electronic Thesaurus
Style and Grammar Checker
Mail Merge
AutoCorrect
Macro
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Viewing a Word Document
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Those Things That Make It
Look Great
• Clip Art
Drawing Programs- Allows
you to create line art.
• Word Art - Allows you to manipulate text
into various shapes.
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Knowing Your Way Around a
Word Processing Package
• Insertion Point or Cursor - Where you enter
data.
• Menus - Pull-down menus appear from a
menu bar on the screen.
• Shortcut keys - For frequently used
commands which use the function keys in
conjunction with Alt, Ctrl, or Shift
• Help - Context-sensitive which locates and
displays the help information easily and
readily.
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Knowing Your Way Around a
Word Processing Package
• Toolbars or button bars - Located below the
menu. They contain icons or graphic
representation of commonly used commands.
• Dialog box - Appears after selecting a
command from a pull-down menu. It is used
to specify additional command options.
• Scroll bar - Located on the right and/or at the
bottom of the screen.
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Universal Short-Cut Keys
• Select, Cut, Copy, and Paste allow you to
use information somewhere else.
• Those shortcuts that you need to remember
are:
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Select All - CTRL/A
Copy - CTRL/C
Cut - CTRL/X
Paste - CTRL/V
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Font Styles and Sizes
• A font’s point size alone doesn’t determine
the font’s apparent size.
• Some fonts are wider than others, and
therefore consume more space than the
same text with a narrower font, even with
the same point size.
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With or Without Feet?
• There are two font types:
– There is Serif, such as Times New Roman.
This is an example of Times New Roman, and
you will notice that this type of font has small
feet at the end of a letter.
– There is Sans Serif, such as Arial. There are
no feet at the bottom of these letters.
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Fonts to Enhance
• You can create various fonts to enhance the
appearance of your work by using shortcut
or keyboard commands.
– Ctrl/B - Bold
– Ctrl/I - Italics
– Ctrl/U - Underline
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Advantages of Spreadsheet
Software
• Calculate Mathematical
Formulas (Functions)
Automatically
• Descriptive Headings
100
• Graphs
80
East
West
North
60
40
20
0
Qtr 1
Qtr 2
11 3
Qtr 3
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Spreadsheets Components

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Control Panel
Work Area
Operating Modes
Cells and Cell Contents
– Active Cell
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Status Line
– Cell Address
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Rows
Columns
Label Headings
Row Headings
Edit Line
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Scroll Bars
Parts of a Worksheet
• The worksheet area uses letters for column
headings across the top and numbers for row
headings, down the left side.
• The intersection of a column and row is called
a cell.
– A cell holds a single unit of information.
– The position of the cell is called the cell address.
An example is A1 (the intersection of Column A
and Row 1)
– A cell pointer also known as the cell selector
indicates where data is to be entered in the
worksheet.
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Cell and Cell Contents
• For Protection: Many spreadsheet programs
allow you to lock or protect cells to prevent
users from accidentally changing formulas
when entering data.
• Formulas and Values: For cells that contain
formulas, the value that the formula calculates
is displayed in the work area. Works and
Excel give you the option of displaying the
formula instead.
• Recalculation: Spreadsheets automatically
recalculate when their contents or the contents
of cells referenced in them change.
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Commands
• A critical, heavily used feature of
spreadsheets is the capability to copy blocks
of cells.
• After describing a set of formulas for one
column of data, you can then use a
“fill{command to copy those formulas into
the other columns}. In those other columns,
the spreadsheet program automatically
recalculates the formula using the respective
data in those columns.
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Parts of a Spreadsheet
Cell references
Labels
Formula
Values
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Spreadsheets - Basic Features
• Types of Data
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–
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Value
Label
Formula
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Spreadsheets - Basic Features
(Continued)
• Cells and Cell Contents
C
O
L
U
M
N
–
–
–
–
Values
Labels
Formulas
Functions
ROW
• Ranges
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Common Features of a
Spreadsheet Program
• Each cell can contain one of three types of
data:
– a value (numeric)
– a label (text that can be both alpha and
numeric. If numeric, the label must contain an
apostrophe (‘) to indicate a numeric label.
– a formula (telling the spreadsheet how to carry
out the calculation.)
• Each cell has an address that allows it to be
referred to in formulas.
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Formulas and Functions
• Formulas are instructions for calculations.
– Formulas help users make connections between
numbers in particular cells.
– Formulas are the way users can manipulate
data.
• Functions are ready-made formulas built into
the spreadsheet program.
– An example, =SUM is a function that helps a
user add values in a range of cells and then
displays the result.
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Graph Types
• You can create the
following types
of graphs:
-- Line
-- Bar
-- Pie
-- Scatter
-- Many others
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Charting
• Line Charts: To show a trend over a
period of time.
• Column or Bar Charts: Show the
relationship of data.
• Pie Charts: Show the relationship of parts
to a whole.
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Spreadsheet Macros
• A macro is a sequence of keystrokes
and instructions that are recorded and
saved.
• When you run the macro, the macro
performs the sequence of keystrokes
and instructions automatically.
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Database Software
• A database is a collection of data organized
in a manner that allows access, retrieval,
and use of that data.
• Database software packages include:
– A collection of tables
– A row which is called a record
– A column which is called a field.
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Database Organization
• You must first determine the fields and field
names.
• After that, you concentrate on determining
field lengths and data types.
• Data types include: text, numeric, currency,
date, memo, and hyperlinks.
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Database Management Systems
- Enable users to create database
tables and provides multiple
users with access to data.
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Data Validation
• As you enter data, the database software
checks or validates the data.
• Validation is the process of comparing the
data to a set of defined rules or values to
determine if if the data is acceptable.
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Types of Database Fields
(Laura’s record contains several fields)
(One file is made up of Laura’s, Bill’s and Peter’s records)
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Creating a slide with PowerPoint
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The Parts of Database
Management Software (DBMS)
• To produce a printed report or search for
specific field values, you have to know
which type of data is stored in each field.
• Database management system software is
made of:
– data dictionary language
– data manipulation language
– query language
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Data Dictionary
• This contains a description of the structure
of the data used in the database. It
describes:
– field names
– size of fields
– type of data to be stored in field (text, number,
logical, date, image)
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Data Dictionary
• This contains a description of the structure
of the data used in the database. It
describes:
– field names
– size of fields
– type of data to be stored in field (text, number,
logical, date, image)
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Query Language
• This is an easy-to-use language understandable
to most users.
• The most widely used query language is
Structured Query Language (SQL).
• This is made up of commands which direct the
computer to fulfill the access needs of the user
in searching, displaying, updating, and printing
records in a database file.
– “find last name=‘Chicago’”.
– Partial specification of a field using a
‘wildcard’ character: “find author=johns*”
– Queries are usually case sensitive.
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Data Manipulation Language
• Microcomputer programs generally have a
set of commands (either command-line
interface or menu-based).
• These commands enable the user to create a
database (adding fields or certain data
types) and also to add; delete; and modify
records and query; as well as generate
reports.
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The Report Generator
• Microcomputer file management systems
allow the user to arrange the report by
clicking fields, graphic elements, and page
headings dragging them into place and
selecting a format for each.
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Presentation Graphics
Software
• Presentation Graphics Software allows you
to create documents called presentations,
which are used to communicate ideas,
messages, and other information to a group.
• More instruction will be included in a
separate lecture regarding creating a
PowerPoint presentation.
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Integrated Packages and
Software Suites
• Integrated Packages
Less Powerful than Suites
– Less Required Storage Space
– Easier to Learn
– Less Expensive
• Software Suites
– Full Power
– Greater Versatility
–
Creating a Slide with
PowerPoint
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Personal Information
Managers (PIMs)
•
•
•
•
Lotus
Works
Contact Management
Calendar and Schedule Management
Task and Project Management
Mail Merge and Print
Sidekick
Weekly
Schedule
Personal Information
Managers (PIM)
• A personal information manager (PIM) is a
program that helps you get organized.
• PIM software can keep track of things such as
calendars, to-do-lists, address books, index
cards, wall charts, notepads, binders and post-it
notes.
– Examples include Lotus Organizer, Computer
Associates International, Inc., Up ToDate, and
Ascend
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PIMs (Continued)
• PIMs are memory-resident programs which
means they stay in the computer’s memory or
primary storage all the time, until the computer is
turned off.
• Memory-resident programs are also known as
terminate and stay resident (TSRs) programs.
• PIMs are based in part on paper-based personal
calendar and schedule books.
– They frequently have entertain features, quotes for
the day or a cartoon of the day.
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Software Suites
• Purchasing Software Suites is often less
expensive than buying programs
individually.
• They frequently include some features (such
as toolbar or file conversion utilities) that
makes using the set of programs easier.
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Project Management
• A project is a one-time operation composed
of several tasks that must be completed
during a stated period of time.
• Project management software enables users
to plan, schedule, and control the people,
resources, and costs needed to complete a
project on time.
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Project Management
(Continued)
• Two important tools found in project
management software are Gantt Charts
and PERT Charts.
– Gantt Charts use bars and lines to indicate the
time scale of a series of tasks.
– PERT (Program Evaluation Review
Technique) Charts show the timing of a
project and the relationship among its tasks.
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More Software Applications
• Accounting and Personal Finance
• Network Browsers
Accounting and Personal
Finance Programs
• They require that you invest time entering
the monetary amounts, dates, on so on, as
they occur.
• They also require that you carefully plan
and organize account information.
• Programs for end-of-year accounting or for
adding up tax deductions can be great timesavers.
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Computer-Aided Design (CAD)
• In the past, CAD required high-end graphic
workstations.
• Software packages are now available for
microcomputers that have better-than-average
graphics’ hardware.
• CAD techniques to lay out furniture and other
interior design are also used.
• Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) can
communicate a part’s manufacturing or assembly
specifications to computerized machinery.
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Desktop Publishing
Combines text, graphics, and advanced
formatting
crop
Formatting
–Fonts
Handwriting Font
Page Layout
–Portrait
–Landscape
Graphics
–Clip art
Style Sheets
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Text
anchors
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Landscape and Portrait
Printing
Landscape
Portrait
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Desktop Publishing
• Desktop publishing is the process of using:
– a microcomputer
– a laser printer
– software
• Desktop publishing mixes text and graphics
to produce publications.
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Styles Sheets
• Style Sheets automate the selection of size
and style of text for headings, captions in
desktop publishing software.
– It is called desktop because with a desktop
computer and laser printer, you can produce
results that would take rooms full of printing
equipment and a publication staff.
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Page Layouts
• The Master Page is a template for all other
pages.
• This page contains elements that are present
on all pages. For example, headers and
footers.
• Documents that have an even/odd facingpage layout have two master pages: one for
the left pages and one for the right.
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And, More Software Applications
• Painting, Drawing, and PhotoEditing
• CAD and CAM
Paint/Image Editing Software
• Paint software which is also called
illustration software allows you to draw
pictures, shapes, and other graphical
images using various tools.
• Image editing software provides the
capabilities of paint software as well as
the capability of modifying existing
images.
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Paint/Image Editing Software
(Continued)
• Painting programs don’t just turn pixels off
and on. They can change them to a different
color.
• Photo-editing programs give you much more
control over color, enabling you to match
colors, blend colors and adjust tints.
• None of these programs “create art for you.”
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Animation Graphics
Morphing
Animation Graphics
• Morphing doesn’t produce a single image,
rather it produces a sequence of images, each
of which is successively less like the starting
image and more like the final image.
• You can replay this sequence to foster the
image or person as “transforming” into
something or someone else.
– It takes several minutes for programs to generate
each frame of a morphing sequence.
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Web Page Authoring Software
• Web page authoring software is designed to
help you create Web pages, in addition to
organizing, managing, and maintaining Web
sites.
• We will work with a few of these web
authoring tools:
– Netscape Composer
– HTML
– FrontPage
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Software for the Home
•
•
•
•
•
Encyclopedias
Games
Cookbooks
Atlases
File Management Software for
Hobbyists
• Music
Software for the Home
(Continued)
• Computer games range from arcade-style to
text based adventure games.
• Educational materials also aid children and
adults both in learning.
• Reference materials include phone directories
and encyclopedias.
• Some file management programs enable you to
organize photographs stored on Kodak
PhotoCD disks.
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Integrated Packages
• Integrated Packages: Often lack certain
features.
• Most computers are bundled with some set
of applications software.
– The bundled is not always the latest version or
it may provide fewer features.
• Unlike software suites, you cannot purchase
the applications individually.
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Other Useful Software
Packages
• Personal Finance Software is a simplified
accounting program that helps you pay bills,
balance your checkbook and track your personal
income and expenses.
• Legal Software assists in the preparation of legal
documents and provides legal advice to
individuals, families, and small businesses.
• Tax Preparation Software guides individuals
through the process of filing federal returns.
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Other Useful Software
Packages (Continued)
• Personal Desktop Publishing allows you to
create newsletters and brochures.
• Personal Paint/Image Editing Software
provides an easy-to-use interface to meet the
needs of the home and small business user.
• Photo-Editing software allows you to edit
digital photographs.
• Clip Art/Image Gallery is a collection of clip
art and photographs.
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Software Trends
• Groupware
• Intranets
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Groupware
• Groupware also called Collaborative
Technology supports group activities over
networks to increase team productivity.
• With groupware, two or more people can work
on the same information at the same time.
• The most widely used is Lotus Notes which
allows you to create and share information on a
network.
– The common link is a database of documents
containing text, graphics, sound, images, and
even video created by users using forms.
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Network Browsers
• Network browsers are needed to access the
World Wide Web.
• Network browsers enable users to search
locations and information on the Internet.
• Some service providers such as AOL and
CompuServe provide built-in browsers, and
you can also purchase browser software.
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Productivity Software
• Productivity software is designed to make
people more effective and efficient while
performing daily activities.
• Productivity software includes:
– Word processing, spreadsheets, databases,
presentation graphics, personal information
management, accounting, project management,
and others.
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Let Your Software Work
For You and Not Against You
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