Transcript Diapositiva 1 - Fondazione Rodolfo Debenedetti

An Italian Mismatch
Results from a survey
on educational choices of
young Italians
Why is Italy so interesting?
• Large enrolments in arts and humanities
• Enrolments in science and technology
increasing very slowly.
• Evidence of large mismatch between
qualifications of workers and skill content
of jobs
• It cannot be just labour demand or the
structure of the university system
…
Science and Technology Graduates
(as % of population aged 20-29)
7.7
6.7
5.7
4.7
3.7
2.7
1.7
0.7
1998
1999
Italy
2000
France
2001
Germany
Italy as the mis-match country
.8
Labour mismatch in Europe
0.71
.6
0.67
0.54
0.47
0.46
.4
0.41
0.33
0.27
0.27
0.29
0.24
0
.2
0.30
k
y
d
a
e
d
e
stri elgium nmar inlan ranc rman reec Irelan
u
A
F
F
G
B
De
Ge
l
y
n
Ital rtuga Spai gdom
Po
Kin
d
ite
Un
% answering 'no' to the following question:
Have you had formal training or education that has given you skills nedeed for your present type of work?
Source: ECHP 2001
Notably in tertiary education
0
.2
.4
.6
Labour mismatch in Europe
k
y
a
d
e
d
e
stri elgium nmar inlan ranc rman reec Irelan
u
A
F
F
G
B
De
Ge
primary
secondary
l
y
n
Ital ortuga Spai ngdom
P
Ki
d
e
it
Un
tertiary
% answering 'no' to the following question:
Have you had formal training or education that has given you skills nedeed for your present type of wor
Source: ECHP 2001
The survey
• Carlo Erminero & Co.
• Webpanel of 550 high-school and
university graduates. June 2005
• Questions on:
– information sources
– costs of education
– mismatch between education and
occupations
Among graduates, mismatch is lower for scientific degrees
Compared to what is needed to perform your current job, what
you learned at school or university is…
too much
adeguate
not enough
too much and not
enough at the same
time. Simply different,
wrong
18.14
29.22
28.28
24.36
Arts and Humanities**
3.94
29.06
34.2
32.8
Other
5.38
51.7
23.71
19.22
Total
12.03
33.46
28.95
25.57
Type of degree
Scientific*
* Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Pharmacy, Medical sciences, Agricultural and
Veterinary Sciences, Engineering, Architecture, Economics, Statistics
** Political Science, Sociology, Law, Literature, Philosophy, Languages, Pedagogics.
Bad information increases mismatch
At the moment of deciding whether to enroll in college and for
which subject, from what sources did you collect information?
Marginal effect on the probability
of mismatch1
informal sources of information2
0.035
(0.001)
high school teachers
0.015
(0.001)
Reference category is formal sources of information, i.e. meeting at colleges (open days
and alike), articles and rankings of colleges published by the media, information
booklets and other material produced by colleges.
1. Probability of answering "too much and not enough at the same time. Simply
different, wrong" to the question: " Compared to what is needed to perform your
current job, what you learned at school or university is…"
2. Parents and relatives, friends and study-mates, acquaitances working in businesses
or professions related to the subject of study.
Standard errors in paratheses
Bad information increases mismatch (2)
Factors that played a "very important role" in the choice of going
to university and of the subject
Marginal effect on the probability of
mismatch1
Advise from parents an relatives
The choices of friends and study-mates
0.052
-
(0.001)
-
interest/passion for the subject
-0.009
(0.000)
choosing an easy subject in order to graduate
quickly
0.161
(0.001)
Reference category is "work opportunity offered by this particular subject"
1. Probability of answering "too much and not enough at the same time. Simply different, wrong"
to the question: " Compared to what is needed to perform your current job, what you learned at
school or university is…"
Standard errors in paratheses
Those paying for education have a lower mismatch?
Compared to what is needed to perform your current
job, what you learned at school or university is…
where did you
attend college?
too much
too much and not
enough at the same
adeguate not enough
time. Simply
different, wrong
other town
11.24
28.39
42.52
17.85
my own town
12.56
36.88
19.77
30.79
and a few are paying
Costs of tertiary education
(excluding tuition fees)
Less than 1000 euros
1000 to 3000 euros
3000 to 5000 euros
sbove 5000 euros
dk/na
%
%
Far from
With
mamma mamma
20.3
35.6
24.0
9.5
10.6
47.3
27.8
10.0
1.3
13.5
47,7
39,9
2,9
9,4
47,7
41,9
2,8
7,6
tuition
Less than 1000 euros
1000 to 3000 euros
3000 to 5000 euros
dk/na
?
• More resources and/or better incentives?
• Increasing tuition fees, together with more
scholarships and student loans (the British
way) would reduce the mismatch?
• How about having less (but better)
universities? Far from mamma?